Geely Automobile Essay Example for Free

Geely Automobile EssayIn the archetypical part, the ECLIPTER factors including econography, finishing, legal system, income profile, political risk, revenue enhancement regime, exchange rate and restrictions, to flummoxher with the seven-sided institutions much(prenominal) as WTO, EU and ASEAN testament be examined by using UK and Malaysia as examples. because based on this analysis, it will provide an assessment of the political partys overall(a) international expansion outline and process. In the second part, legal system and income profile, the deuce approximately important ECLIPTER factors on Geely overseas operations, will be evaluated. Further much, the scheme which Geely used to deal with the feign of these two factors and leverage the multilateral institutions will be demon. Finally, this report will analyze whether the companys international ad apt(predicate)ation of the business function is effective, and then(prenominal) give roughly recommendations and lessons. 2. ECLIPTER Factors Analysis 2. 1 Econography Econography refers to tangible and human as organises including outgo from major markets, and natural resources of nations that alter industry exercise.In the first, the close distance mingled with p atomic number 18nt company and irrelevant subsidiary fucking help the company to surmount the transport embody and overhead expenses it also support remediate the connection between them. If the p bent company is in china, it is emend to build a subsidiary in Asia such as Malaysia. Secondly, the natural resources used for making motor cars in the main include steel, copper, and aluminum. If the country owns rich mineral resources, it can greatly provide benefit in the outturn of machinemobiles. One of the major purposes for umteen multinational corporations establishing overseas subsidiaries is to exploit the contrasted natural resources.This is good for companies to 5 internationalist business organisation Env ironment II reduce production costs and get belligerent advantages. As World Steel Association reported in 2009 that the crude steel production of United nation is 13. 5 in 2008, whereas the crude steel production of Malaysia is 6. 1 in 2008. 2. 2 Culture This paragraph will analyze the effects of cultivation on auto industry through with(predicate) power distance index and saving rate. Firstly, power distance index measures the degree of inequality exists in a party (Hofstede, 1997). The power distance index is 80 in Malaysia whereas it is scarcely 35 in UK (Hofstede, 2008).The unequal dissemination of wealth makes most Malaysian citizens prefer to hold a commercial auto. So the inexpensive Geely auto could be a good option for them. Secondly, saving rate could be a standard to show the attitude of citizens. The saving rate of Malaysia was 47 per cent in the year 1998 which ranks second in Asia (Azia, 2004). In contrast, the saving rate in UK was significantly deplor satis milling machinery, which was less than 10 percent in the past ten old age. For instance, the saving rate of UK household in 2008 was save 1. 7 percent (chart 1)(Presser, 2008). So UK citizens are apt to consume a relatively high price car. Chart 1Resource from Posser (2008) 6 demesne(prenominal) championship Environment II 2. 3 Legal system The auto industry has been affected by laws and government politys since the 1960s. The first safety act passed in 1966 by Congress and was called the National Traffic and take Vehicle Safety Act (Highfill, 2004). This act forced composers to improve the safety for the riders, the driver visibility, and the braking of the car. Not only safety, but also environment is beingness growingly concerned even before the oil crisis. The Vehicle sort Pollution and Control Act passed in 1965 was the first act to set standards for motorcar pollution.Then in the 1970s, Congress passed the Clean Air Act that led to a 90% decrease in simple machine emission within the next six years (ibid). In the 1970s the oil crisis led to the plaudit of The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 which stated that all gos must meet a authorized mileage per gallon. The act required that all simple machines had to meet a standard of 20mpg by the 1980 model and then 27. 5 mpg for the 1985 model (ibid). EU 2020 growth strategy also emphasizes the importance of low carbon car (Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, 2010).There are also many special laws for auto industry in antithetical countries, such as Malaysia, which has built a free art area for production and assembly of products for merchandise-oriented enterp ejects. Companies can enjoy the minimum obligations, raw materials and simplified mechanical equipment import formalities. Nevertheless, the Malaysia government regulates that more than 80% products should export to other countries (Daily watchword, 2006). Furthermore, the UK Byers Acts Measures to cut the average price of a car by ? 1,100 and save private car bargain forers around ? 1 billion a year.Although it may lower the profitability of auto industry, the number of consumers will increase gradually (DTI, 2000). 2. 4 Income profile Since automobile is not inferior goods, the demand of automobile would rise when income increases. In the economic aspect, income could be an indicator of the purchasing power of individuals and nations. Data from UK national statistics office (2010) demonstrate that despite the contracted 4. 9 percent of gross domestic product in the substantial year, the GDP change magnitude 0. 4 percent in 7 mankind(prenominal) Business Environment II the fourth quarter of 2009. Furthermore, home base expenditure also rose 0.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2009 in UK (chart2). For Malaysia, the GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2009 was 4. 5 though the figure was negative in the whole year (chart 3) (Malaysia statistics, 2010). It can be observed that the econo my of two UK and Malaysia seem to recover from the global monetary crisis. This positive signal predicts the growing demand and distensible market for Geely in both countries. Chart 2 Resource from UK statistics 2010 Chart3 Resource from Malaysia statistics 2010 8 International Business Environment II The core competitiveness of Geely automobile relies on its high performance-price ratio.Per capital GNI (Gross national income) in Malaysia was 25784 RM in 2008. By analyzing the 2004 United Nations Human development (UNHDP) report, except the 20% creation of richest and poorest class, Geely will be a better alternative for the rest citizens in Malaysia(chart 4) (Lumpur, 2004). In comparison, the young people account for a great fare of population in UK. A source from HMRC shows the average income of under 20 years is ? 9,570 and 20-24 years is ? 13,200 which is below the average (chart 5). It implies that when young multiplication decide to buy a car, price is the first consid eration factor.For medium quality car manufacture companies, young population in UK could be a potential group of guests. Chart 4 9 International Business Environment II Chart5 median value Age Band Under 20 years 20 24 ? 11,800 years 25 29 ? 17,000 years 30 -34 ? 19,500 years 35 39 ? 20,100 years 40-44 ? 20,200 years 45 49 ? 20,300 years Resource from Lumpur (2004) ? 28,600 ? 24,800 ? 35,400 ? 15,200 ? 20,100 ? 28,100 ? 24,600 ? 34,600 ? 14,900 ? 19,800 ? 26,800 ? 23,600 ? 31,700 ? 15,500 ? 20,100 ? 23,900 ? 21,600 ? 26,700 ? 16,400 ? 20,100 ? 19,300 ? 17,800 ? 20,600 ? 15,900 ? 17,800 ?13,200 ? 12,400 ? 13,800 ? 11,200 ? 12,300 ? 8,130 ? 9,570 ? 8,490 ? 9,810 ? 7,990 ? 9,250 Median Income Mean Income Income (Men) (Men) (Women) (Women) Income Income Income Mean Median Mean 2. 5 Political risk According to Guinger (2001), political risk describes the stability of government institutions. It can be measured in a variety of ways such as likelihood of foreign aggression and civil insurrection. The Transparency International (2009) showed that UK and Malaysia both face some problems of political corruption, which adversely affects the push of economic operation.World Bank estimates that corruption could cost Malaysia as much as RM10 10 International Business Environment II billion a year an amount equivalent to 1 or 2 per cent of GDP. The corruption in the UK is lighter than Malaysia, which ranked 17, whereas Malaysia ranked 56 in piece in 2009 based on Corruption Perceptions Index 2009. But the corruption in UK is not unheard. Surveys by Control risks and Simmons Simmons show that the awareness of UK laws a developst foreign bribery may be decreasing over time.In 2002, afterwards the act came into force, 68 percent of respondents said they were familiar with its main points. But in 2006, 48 percent people said that they have totally ignored it (Global Corruption Report, 2009). 2. 6 Tax political science Tax regime refers to the assess instruments th at governments use to raise revenues from multinational firms, such as corporate taxes. The tax of Malaysia is transparent, the multinational corporate must be taxed 30% of the corporate income which is just the same as Malaysia companies market directory, 2005) According to the tax incentive treaties, auto ( .industry may be eligible for pioneer military position which is given by the way of an abatement of 70% of the profits for five years (ibid). The remaining 30% of the profits will be taxed at the prevailing corporate income tax rate. The profits abated are dislodge from tax and will be available for distribution as tax-free dividends. In UK the occupier corporate tax is the lowest in Europe, even the tax is zero for the small companies in 2002(Lawandtax- parvenues, 2010). According to the tax treaties, multinational corporate which set up, purchase or control the companies in UK can follow the resident tax (Navstar, 2009).In the ordinary course of events, foreign companies cannot follow the low corporate tax, but with get wind to double taxation and the conformity between UK and China, Chinese multinational corporates in UK now pay the low tax (ibid). 2. 7 Exchange rate Stable trade policies are extremely important for both the economic welfare of the countries and the multilateral trading system. Unfortunately, the liberalization measures were adopted by many countries. As Dornbuschs 1976 analysis has pointed out that when the exchange rate is used to provide protection for domestic firms, it is through undervaluation.An undervalued 11 International Business Environment II exchange rate protects domestic firms from imports and gives domestic firms greater incentives to export. For example, the equaliser of Payments Committee of the WTO has received 39 requests from member countries for derogations from their international obligations and for a fleeting increase in temporary protection. still, several ontogenesis countries, such as Malaysia, ha ve recently increased tariffs in response to financial crises even though the higher rates remain below the rates these countries bounded in the WTO.Moreover the analysis said China has become a great auto exporter, as a solvent of the huge subsidies, an undervalued exchange rate and dirt-cheap credit (Swaminathan, 2009). 2. 8 Restrictions Restrictions refer to the taxes and limitations that host governments place on foreign products and services or on foreign firms themselves when they enter or leave the host economy. Because of the policy of protect their national automobile industry, the import tax of automobile is relatively high in Malaysia.Since 2004, Malaysia began to reduce the automobile import tax for the import components the tax is reduce from 25% to 10%, and for the whole automobile the import tax is drop from 130% to 30% for the companies outside of southwesterlyeast Asia (MEI, 2009). In 2010, according to the agreement of ASEAN, the automobile import tax will be zer o to all the regions of ASEAN. UK is a member of EU, it followed the economic agreement of EU which sets no import or export tax between members of EU and they must perpetrate the same tax when they have business with the third country (European competitiveness, 2009). 12.International Business Environment II Scoring Analysis of UK and Malaysia Country Score Econography Culture Legal System Income Profile Political Risk Tax Regime Exchange Rate Restrictions Total (10) (10) (20) (20) (10) (10) (10) (10) (100) 8 7 18 8 8 8 7 7 71 7 6 16 15 5 9 8 9 75 UK Malaysia 3. Institutions 3. 1 WTO The major objectives of WTOs roles are ? the creation of a uncouth automobile market through the elimination of demoteriers to intra-Community trade the maintenance and expansion of a competitive world automobile industry the use of voluntary import restrictions to prevent cheap imports and to maintain competitiveness?(European Commission, 2006). For example, in 2006, WTO announced the establishment of a panel to examine whether Chinas tariffs on imported auto parts hurt WTO trade rules, following a joint complaint make by the United States, the European nitty-gritty and Canada, who accused China for its discriminatory charges on imported auto parts. aft(prenominal) examining Chinas relate regulations, WTO panel declared that Chinas regulations are inconsistent with Chinas WTO obligations. China has agreed to make the necessary regulatory changes by September 2009 (Herd, 2006). 13 International Business Environment II.WTO facilitates Geelys international expansion since the elimination of trade barriers has cleared its path to world market and made it integrated to the world economy. In 2002, after China joined into WTO, 100 automobiles of Geely exported to Syria (Luo, 2005). 3. 2 EU EU functions as a rule-imposer. It sets strict requirements and institute rules and regulations to improve vehicle safety. Besides the vehicle crash tests executed by Euro NCAP (European New C ar Assessment b passagewaycast backed by European Commission), there are also some regulations set to protect the environment.First, in order to respond to the gradual aggravation of greenhouse effect, the European commission real a authorisation emission standard to limit the emission of one major kind of greenhouse gas, CO2. The regulation set a fleet-average CO2 emission channelise for passenger cars, which is 120 g/km to be reached by 2015 (European Commission, 2010). The vehicle manufacturers must reach the CO2 emission target of 130g/km, with an additional reduction of 10 g/km to be provided by supplementary measures, such as the use of hydrogen terminate.A semipermanent target of 95 g/km to be reached by 2020 is also established by the regulation (ibid). This regulation will take effect in 2012. From 2012 onwards, vehicle manufacturers who do not meet this target will have to pay penalty for their excess emissions. According to DieselNet (2010), from 2012 to 2018, the pen alties are 5 per vehicle for the first g/km of CO2 15 for the second gram 25 for the third gram 95 from the fourth gram onwards. From 2019, manufacturers will pay 95 for each g/km exceeding the target. another(prenominal) congressional mandate imposed by European Commission requires tire pressing monitoring systems on all new cars in 2012.According to Europes Information Society (2010), many road accidents resulting in fatalities and physical injuries are linked to tire defects. Furthermore, under-inflated tires can result in severely uneconomical use of fuel and cause an extra two million tons of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere per year. So this mandate enhances vehicle safety and protects the environment. 14 International Business Environment II These regulations have incurred a rise in car prices since vehicle manufacturers are forced to increase price to offset the cost of upgrading.These regulations put Geely in an unfavorable position. Since Geely is better known for making low-tech and cheap cars, making eco-friendly cars is not included in the competencies of the company and huge RD spending is inevitable for nurturing this competence. They set a high bar for the competition and limit Geelys ability to expand market in Europe. 3. 3 ASEAN ASEAN Association of South East Asia Nations is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia. China and ASEAN are both newly-emerged, rapidly-developing auto markets.Cooperation in auto industry between China and ASEAN will bring a win-win situation for the two sides and make their cars more competitive in a global competition. For instance, according to Xinhua News Agency (2006), a report released by the Ministry of Commerce Indonesia has announced that compared to the expensive Japanese sedans, the China-made ones gradually gain popularity for more favourable price-performance ratio. ASEAN country also needs couchment from Chinese carmakers to expand local traffic and for m ore price-favourable cars, said a Germany auto expert at the China-ASEAN Expo, 2006.Consequently, in general, ASEAN opens its gate to Chinese car companies including Geely to achieve a win-win situation. 4. Assessment of Geelys overall international expansion strategy Geelys real international strategy is to produce affordable automobile, so the market size and consume power of a foreign market are highly valued by Geely. Malaysia automobile market resembles China more than UK, in the aspects such as the peoples income, the similar culture, and the similar geographical position, etc.As by now most cars have been exported to some developing countries like South-East Asia, Ukraine, Russia, and Mexico, Malaysia will be good choice. Meanwhile, although UK does not represent a neighboring or ? home market, 15 International Business Environment II as markets in South-East Asia do, UK could be seen as an interesting market with a potential for higher margins, higher price levels and a mor e mature market for branding, technology, etc, as the UKs income per capita, and the automobile sales volume are higher than that of Malaysia.Considering the future international development, Geely should focus on UK. Therefore, at first, it is better for Geely to develop its ? producing automobile which most of people can buy strategy in Malaysia, and when Geely is able to enter high-end automobile market, UK will be a better choice. In terms of multilateral institution, after evaluating the influence of international organizations, we suggest that Malaysia is a better choice for Chinese car companies to exploit new markets. Firstly, a win-win situation guarantees a favourably corporate relationship between Geely and ASEAN (Eichengreen, 2006).Secondly, there are divers(a) quality-related requirements and constraints in EU and probably NAFTA, which puts up a strong challenge for those Asian auto makers. Moreover, by far, there is no evidence to prove the acquisition of Manganese Br onze and Volvo have considerably increased Geelys sale in developed nations. Thus considering the opportunities and threats faced by Geely, it is recommended that the company emphasizes on developing nations markets, rather than the developed markets. 5. Marketing analysis 5.1 Legal system According to Alistair Darlings pre-budget report, UK will bring new opportunities for the low-carbon industries. through and through the Innovation Investment Fund and the Carbon Trusts Venture heavy(p) scheme, UK will invest at least ? 160m in low carbon projects (Guardian, 2009). They will also invest ? 90m in the European Investment Banks new 2020 fund, which will put 6. 5 billion Euros of finance in green infrastructure projects. In this report, there are alterations to the climate change levy, company car tax, and fuel benefit charge (ibid).This is good news for Geely because now it dedicates itself to produce high-tech and eco-friendly automobile. In 16 International Business Environment II UK the amount of car tax depends on the price and the discharge amount for carbon, which is from 9% for electric motor car to 10%-35% for petrochemical car. UK also has a successful car scrappage scheme, which gives consumers a ? 2,000 discount off. If they scrap their old vehicle, it will help up to 125,000 families replace their inefficient boilers with new models (Julia, 2009).Through the governments support of low-carbon industry, Geely has more opportunities to innovate high-tech and eco-friendly automobile. Furthermore, because of the low tax and car scrappage scheme, customer is inclined to buy or change an electric motor car,. In 22nd March 2006, Malaysia promulgated the new automobile policy (MEI, 2009). Since that day, the import taxes of CBU (Complete Built Unit) are reduced from 20% to 5% for the ASEAN members and 50% to 30% for other countries. The import taxes of CKD (Completely Knock Down) are 10%.In 28th October 2009, Mustafa Mohamed announced many new policies for auto industry which will give much more preferences and subsidies for the new energy automobile companies (ibid). 5. 2 Income profile It is known that the success of Geely relies mostly on keeping low cost and fling the affordable cars. For instance, Geelys best-selling four-door sedan, the tabby Kong, has been sold 6127 in April 2010 and the retail price is between 47,800RMB 58,800RMB (Jiang, 2010). Geely sold 329,014 passenger cars in 2009, making it is the third largest domestic car producer (Zheng, 2010).However, Geelys agreeable formula is under pressure in china because Chinese consumers are becoming wealthier the higher-end models will gradually be affordable for them. Meanwhile, brands such as the Chery QQ, Ford Fiesta, and Honda Civic are threatening Geelys current market position. Geekys winning formula is also challenged at the oversea markets like UK and Malaysia. Date from HMRC (HM Revenue Customs) indicates that nearly 50% of the population in UK earns ? 16400 annu ally which is much higher than the middle class income of Malaysia.This group of population could be a dominant power in the automobile market in UK. It is not a wise choice to sell its inexpensive cars in UK considering that low price would not be 17 International Business Environment II attractive for these relatively rich citizens. The similar situation also happened in Malaysia which made Geelys low price cars less competitive. This is because that the predicted real GDP growth in 2010, 2011 and 2015 are 4. 7%, 5. 0% and 5. 0%, Malaysian people are becoming richer than before(IMF, 2010).Their increasing incomes will directly affect their car buying choice. People nowadays prefer the higher-end models and the market share of Geelys lower-end models are estimated to reduce gradually. 6. Geelys reacts to the impact of the ECLIPTER First, since the middle of 2009, the sales of car exports decreased from 37940 in 2008 to 6297. Furthermore, although Geely exports to more than 50 count ries, most of them are developing countries which are not so effective in the promotion of the brand image.In order to get rid of low-end image, Geely changed its strategy from ?produce automobile which most of people can buy to ? do not produce cars which price is below 40000 Yuan (Fang, 2009). Besides, Geely take over Volvo which also evince its desire to move on the brand image. Geelys strategy changes starts in May 2007, which is focus on transforming its competitive advantage from price to technology. In 2007, Geely used three new motorcycle typeYuan Jing, King Kong and Zi You Jian, which have relatively higher value added to substitute the Haoqing, Meiri and You Liou.For doing that, Geely scraped its old molds, jigs and production line which worth up to 8 billion Yuan. In 2008, the sales of these three new auto types grew 12% without discount trade strategy (Geely annual report, 2009). Furthermore, in 2010, Geely will market 21 new auto types, and some of them were intenti onal by Fabrizio Giugiaro, the Italys famous auto manufacturer. Moreover, the new energy auto will also be produced in 2010, which will include Panda and DiHao (Wenqing, 2010). These new energy auto types have been showed in the capital of Red China car exhibition 2010 (Phoenix auto, 2010).In order to deal with these two factors, Geely also has a complementary strategy cooperate or takeover other well-known international auto manufacturers. It will not only help Geely to promote its auto manufacture technology, but also improve its brand image. Geely has already cooperated with 18 International Business Environment II Britains Manganese Bronze to produce luxurious brand-named political hack (China car Times, 2010) and assembled cars with Information Gateway Corp Sdn Bhd (IGC) in Malaysia, 2006 (Tan, 2006). 7. Leverage the multilateral institutions7. 1 ASEAN One of the stun news in 2005 was the political barriers Geely met in Malaysia, which was considered as the biggest challenge for its overseas expansion so far. Geelys President Li Shufu described Malaysia as ? an unexpected trap? because of Malaysia governments rejection on fulfilling the contract. After examining the ECLIPTER factors of Malaysia market, Li Shufu and his team regarded Malaysia as the first pillbox and cornerstone of its expansion to ASEAN countries. He believed the learning in Malaysia could be helpful.Therefore, in May 2005, Geely has made a joint contract with Malaysia IGC group for building CKD factory in Malaysia. However, Malaysia government denied the contract after a new document on automobile being published. According to the document, all cars made by foreign automobile manufacturers were prohibited to sell in Malaysia. Then the situation in Malaysia went against its expection of getting a huge sale. However, according to Geely officials, to some extent, ASEAN agreements have made Geely to reckon the importance of Malaysia (Harwit).In South East Asia nations, there are some stri ct tariff-related regulations for automobile industry. Contrarily, tariff among ASEAN countries is in a minimum rate. According to an inner-ASEAN agreement, from 2003 to 2009, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore and Vietnam exempted auto import tariff for each other. From 2010, all ASEAN countries will implement zero auto import tariff for each other. At the same time, Indonesia, Thailand and some other ASEAN nations demand of cars is increasing considerably (JAMA, 2008). Especially after an impressive increase in 2007, the car-sale in Indonesia becomes significantly dazzle.Therefore Geely 19 International Business Environment II planed to only manufacture cars in Malaysia and then export cars to other ASEAN countries, which seems like a forward-looking plan in a long-run development. Finally, Geely decided to move its Malaysia CKD manufacture center to Indonesia. However, its vision of leveraging ASEAN to pursue a sale performance in all ASEAN nations has not chan ged. 7. 2 EU In terms of EU regulations, since Geely has hired 100% willpower of Volvo, the Swedens company, Geely is no longer an outsider of European market.According to the EU Single market design (European Commission, 2010), a free circulation of capital, labor, goods and services between EU members is granted. Geely now have got over tariff barriers and competes as an insider. 8. Implications and Recommendations One of the strategies of Geely is to promote new energy automobile, there are two advantages for this strategy Firstly, Geely can get powerful support from government since the development of new energy is encouraged by the government.Secondly, since new energy automobile is environmental friendly goods, it not only reduces the carbon emissions, but also decreases the expenses on issue maintenance (Bond newspaper, 2010). However, there are also drawbacks, such as the inadequate facilities. Acquiring other world famous bands is the other strategy of Geely, which faci litates the companys global expansion. For instance, Volvo is well-known by its safety, which could provide Geely with a competitive advantage on its brand trust. It also provides a valuable, more upscale user image.Therefore, through merger or acquisition of international well-known brands, Geely can get greater international fame and locomote technology, integrate into the world market and attract more consumers. However, certain risks should be considered when Geely acquires Volvo. The first risk is that the culture conflicts between two countries. It has been reported that one of the hindering factors is that the union of Volvo in Sweden disagrees the acquisition for their reduced 20 International Business Environment II welfare and unemployment (Gasgoo, 2009).The second risk is that the value of acquired equity. It has been said that Volvos vaunted reputation for safety has been challenged by other manufacturers which can also provide automobiles with same safety standard. In this case Volvos ? safe? advantage may not be as competitive as before. 9. Conclusion To sum up, this essay has analyzed the ECLIPTER factors of Geelys two overseas markets, Britain and Malaysia, and examined influence of the related multilateral institutions. According to this matrix analysis, legal system and income profile have the most important impact on the auto industry.For multilateral institutions, ASEAN and WTO generally promote the Geelys international expansion strategy, while EU regulations are less favored in its expansion. Considering both ECLIPTER factors and related multilateral institutions, it is suitable for Geely to enter developing nations to acquire market share at its initial development. But for long-term development, Geely need to pay attention to investigate and develop higher-end models. With the development of Geely Company and the overall auto industry, Geelys focus will shift from developing countries to developed countries.Currently, Geelys low price strategy is challenged by the legal system and income profile of developed countries. Therefore, Geely is increasing its efforts in releasing new model cars and tapping into developed countries through merger or acquisition. Geely intends to promote its brand image and enlarge its market share through these strategic moves, although it has to face the risk of culture conflicts and the uncertainty of acquisition value. 21 International Business Environment II 10. References Azia, A. Z. (2004) Malaysia-Encouraging Saving in a Dynamic Economy Online. Available at h.