Apush Brinkley Chapter 12 Terms

APUSH Chapter 12 Antebellum Culture and Reform Hudson River School The first slap-up school of American painters, based in invigorated York. The painters portrayed that Americas wild nature made them superior to Europe. Cooper and the American Wilderness James Fenimore Cooper was the first great American novelist (The Last of the Mohicans, The Deerslayer) His novels The Leatherstocking Tales were a celebration of the American spirit and landscape Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry D. Thoreau rejected societal norms as a whole and supported individual independence. Controversial, though they gained many followers.Brook Farm established by George Ripley as an experimental community in West Roxbury, MA. Individuals would gather to create a new form of tender organization, permitting everyone to self-realization. Brook Farm failed but inspired many similar communities. The Oneida Community one of the most enduring utopian communities. It was declared that on the whole residents were m arried to all other residents. Women were protected against unwanted childbearing and children were raised communally. Shakerism commitment to complete celibacy, openly endorsed the idea of sexual equality.Reform Movements worked on behalf of temperance, education, poor, handicapped, etc Charles Finney similar to Thoreau/Emerson, said that everyone could find redemption through individual effort. Gained support from women and at last became very popular and gained a following. Temperance Crusade against alcohol Women were in favor. Access to alcohol was growing and with it was abuse. States started pass restriction laws. Phrenology argued that the shape of a persons skull determined their character and intelligence. Reforming Education Horace Mann said that education was the only way to protect democracy.He lengthened the faculty member year, doubled teachers salaries, and his examples lead to similar institutions in other states. Rehabilitation Reforms the creation of as ylums for criminals and mentally ill. Prisons were also reformed, with tighter restrictions meant to reform the criminals. Many such institutions soon fell victim to over-crowding. American Colonization Society/Failure of Colonization proposed a gradual manumission of break ones backs with compensation to their owners. Met resistance from slaved themselves the anti thralldom movement was rapidly losing strength.Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis Racial vindication manifest destiny cited the superiority of the American Race Opposition to Expansion Henry clay and others feared that territorial expansion would reopen controversy over slavery and threaten the stability of the union Stephen Austin & Texas A young immigrant from Missouri established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822. Mexicans in the region attempted to refute further American immigration but it was too late by 1835 already 30,000 Americans were established there.San Jacinto Sam Houston defeated t he Mexican army and took Santa Anna prisoner, Mexican government eventually gave up on Texas Opposition to Annexation Sam Houston offered to join Texas with the rest of the union, northerners opposed acquiring a deep new slave territory and increasing the southern votes Oregon Both Britain and the US claimed the territory but soon significant numbers of white Americans began emigrating to Oregon, outnumbering the British settlers. They killed much of the Indian population in part due to the measles epidemic.Oregon Trail 2,000 miles from the Great Plains and through the Rocky mountains. Difficult journey thousands of people died on the trail though Indians were often helpful. Families worked together, most people walked for most of the time. James K. Polk expressed that the re-occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas at the earliest practicable period are great American measures. Argued that if Britain did not cede all of Oregon to the US, war would be held, and nei ther party really wanted that, and so Oregon came to be.Slidell Mission Mexicans in Texas rejected Slidells offer, war was declared after American troops were attacked. California Gold Rush started around 1848 and increased the population from 14,000 to 220,000 in 4 years. Created serious labor shortage in CA and Indians were forced into work Kansas-Nebraska Act divided one territory into two to keep the slave proportionality equal it immediately destroyed the Whig party, divided the democrats, and parties who opposed the bill came to form the Republican Party Election of 1856 Fremont v. Buchanan who was nominated at 65 Dred Scott vs.Sanford Dred Scott, a slave from Missouri, owned by an army surgeon who had taken Scott into Illinois and Wisconsin where slavery was forbidden. Now, the surgeons brother was claiming ownership of Scott. The court was extremely divided but eventually declared that Scott didnt have a case because he wasnt a legal citizen. Lincoln nominated in the election of 1860. Believed that slavery was chastely wrong, but he was not an abolitionist he could not envision an easy alternative to slavery in the areas where it already existed. He wanted to puzzle the further spread of slavery