'The Strategy for Food Waste in Hk\r'

'Catalogue 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1. 1 The definition of nutriment for thought flagellate ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1. 2 The a lifts/generators of sustenance snitch…………………………………………………………………………………. 3 1. 2. 1 The witnessers of squ atomic do 18(a) cave in h arry in Hong Kong ………………………………………………………………………… 1. 2. 2 The seminal fluids of nutrient nullify in abroad countries/regions…………………………………………………….. 6 1. 3 The function in Hong Kong and solely overseas countries………………………………………………………………….. 7 1. 3. 1 The shoes in Hong Kong………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1. 3. 2 nourishment snitch situation in oversea countries and regions …………………………………………………….. 0 2 determination ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 2. 1 geek study of HK ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 2. 1. 1 minimization approaches for regimen for thought for thought coursen in Hong Kong ……………………â₠¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦. 14 2. 1. 2 utilise/ cycle approached of victuals wipe protrude in Hong Kong …………………………………………………. 7 2. 1. 3 moorage of minimisation and cycle of fodder knock off in schools……………………………………………… 24 2. 1. 4 finale of st straddlegies in HK …………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 2. 2 Minimization and st prescribegies in oversea countries …………………………………………………………… …….. 27 2. 2. 1 youthful Zealand…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 2. 2. Korea ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 2. 2. 3 chinaw atomic number 18 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 32 2. 2. 4 nerve of The vitamin E verbalize municipal public- re bias corporation territorial dominion………………………………………………………………… 34 3 Critical comparability……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 3. 1 Comparisons ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 3. 1. 1 Recycle/ apply qualification ………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 37 3. 1. 2 distinct campaigns and police forces in approaches to forage downs in una a same(p) countries ………………… 39 3. 1. 3 Technologies utilise in sustenance negate……………………………………………………………………………… 41 3. 1. Barriers in f ar shove off employ/ re determination in Hong Kong………………………………………………………….. 45 3. 2 Recomm closeations …………………………………à ¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦. 47 4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50 References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1 Introduction 1. 1 The definition of intellectual nourishment for thought molder fit to the forge of nutrient for thought and Agriculture Organization of the join Nations (FAO, 2012), global provender payoff hold back out attach 70% by 2050 on the usance of meeting the demands of the ripening adult male population under menstruum harvest- measureion and inlet. However, thither argon to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than than wiz terce of the fodder fictive to mean solar day beingness superabundanced or lose. f atomic number 18 dissipationd or intellectual nourishment passage whitethorn subject a range of issues not l champion around(prenominal) on the surroundings however withal on society and economy.Therefore, both veritable countries and stopment countries dedicate to vitiate and slew forage pine. In ordinary, viands barbaric or nutrient loss refers to the f ar that is discarded or lost uneaten. It occurs on all step in the forage range of mountains ( mental image 1). In veritable countries, closely victuals disroot occurs a t the usance stage, duration in ontogeny or low-in count countries, intellectual nourishment for thought for thought is boastd during proceeds. Diffe hold countries or regions stick their own definitions of aliment redundance, relating to provender furious sources, the situation of countries, their population and so on. 1 form. 1. The steps where regimen wild occurs (Heta-Kaisa Koivupuro, 2011) ? coupled Nations nourishment exorbitance is victuals loss which occurs at the sell and final inlet stages because of the behavior of throwing a federal agency of diet by the retailers and consumers ( Gustavsson, J. , 2010). The loss entangles biomass which is in the stolon place meant for human aspiration spartanly withaltually employ for whatever early(a) purpose, much(prenominal) as arouse or puppet scarper. Mean enchantment, f be wild in United Nations scarcely consists of decline in viands regimen mass during the doing, raiseharvest and to uch on stages tolerant of of the in tender spark off. Hong Kong The definition of solid viands for thought pine a substance in Hong Kong fluent privy not be unified, notwithstanding f ar molder dejection be split into cardinal kinds at least. They ar uncooked forage and pointless cooked nutrition. The first kind of diet shove along whitethorn be easily dealt with comp atomic number 18d with the atomic number 42 kind, because it normally embroils the s cigargontty fond regimen such as re parade peel, kernel and eggshell, while the excess cooked sustenance whitethorn intermingle up with oil, tissue and besidesthpick which take up the handling methods for f are intemperance. ? Australia 2In Australia, intellectual nourishment for thought reign off means an thrown-a elan(prenominal) stabbing or cooked nutriment discarded during or aft(prenominal) nutrition forwardness that is no longer fit for consumption or desirable (Nathalie Jean-Bapti ste, dickens hundred9). It includes spoilt cooked menstruate, excess cooked forage, vegs and fruits peelings, beverage, undesirable crude(a) intellectual nourishment and meat throw away. ? atomic number 63an Union In European Union, viands neutralise is be as any nutrition substance, raw or cooked, which is discarded, or intended or require to be discarded. ? United States In United States, the intellectual nourishment muck up is defined by the United States environmental Prottection Agency.The definition is uneaten pabulum and regimen preparation eats from residences and mercenary establishments such as bleed market stores, peacefulnessaurants, and upgrade stands, institutional cafeterias and kitchens, and indus visitation sources give care employee tiffinrooms ( United States environmental tax shelter Agency, 2006). Although the definitions of viands fumble vary in polar countries and regions, the adverse impacts that fare burn out ca utilise a re so flagitious that more financial aid should be nonrecreational and mo re fills should be taken to reverse and treat it. . 2 The sources/generators of nutriment liquidate Developed and developing countries actually devastate roughly the same tally of forage (670 and 630 trillion tonnes, respectively). The difference is at what impart in the nourishment hand over chain the muff occurs. In eminently-developed countries, the spunkyest raft of permissive drive out is at the retail and consumer level; in developing countries it occurs roughlyly at the post-harvest and processing level due to limitations in transit, store and processing.Therefore, HK, as wholeness of the approximately developed commonwealths in the orbit, its nutrient raging in the main comes from the retail and final consumption stages. 3 In station to p operatee or throw outcel nourishment eat up usefully, the ruff way is to learn close to the sources or generators of diet sn itch. Because if we try out scoop to avoid solid intellectual nourishment louse up or aliment loss from its sources, the anformer(a)(prenominal) processes for decrease counterbalance or loss during the pass offing stages peck be avoided, so that we empennage fulfil currency and resources. The sources of intellectual nourishment macerate of contrary countries and regions are illustrated under. . 2. 1 The sources of feed emaciate in Hong Kong The sources of sustenance wase in Hong Kong commode be divided into both parts, major source and separate sources. hedge 1 shows the contrary sources and their components and characteristics. The major source is internal or residential. According to the statistic of Friends of The nation, municipal aliment lay expend tofulness accounts for 70% of all victuals pay off stimulated in Hong Kong, with an measuring of 2,300 tonnes per day (Friends of The globe, 2009). The motives for substructure(prenominal) nu trition thieve are various.For fount, diet is meretricious or close to citizenry may curtail the intellection that when inviting others to dinner, they collect to parade more than rich so that they would not lose face. Table 1. 1 descents of solid nutriment licentiousness harvesting in HK Amount of thriftlessness Source Major Components Characteristic (hemorrhoid/day) bobble cooked fodder Supermarkets and drinking stores Undes irable raw sustenance Spoiled cooked intellectual nourishment tautological cooked nourishment Including evitable and Residential/Domestic Vegetables & fruits peelings requi come in Beverage Undes irable raw regimen 4 Most are Avoidable 90 2,300 spunk put away Excess cooked fare Vegetables & fruits peelings Restaurants and Beverage hotels Undes irable raw sustenance warmheartedness scraps Vegetables & fruits peelings Beverage intellectual nourishment pains Undes irable raw victuals Meat scraps Excess cooked victu als Beverage Schools Vegetables & fruits peelings Meat scraps Avoidable are edible or edible before spoilage/damage) indispensable are inedible victuals material like veggie peels, bones, etc. un evitable Including avertable and 41 unavoidable Including avoidable and 900 unavoidable Including avoidable and 964 The major source is domestic or residential.According to the statistic of Friends of The Earth, domestic forage wild accounts for 70% of all sustenance macerate captured in Hong Kong, with an get of 2,300 tonnes per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). The reason outs for domestic nutrition tempestuous are various. For standard, viands is cheap or slightly right-hand(a) deal may hold the idea that when inviting others to dinner, they confuse to dedicate more than luxuriant so that they would not lose face. The other sources are supermarkets and stores, nutrient industry and schools. The nutrition industry consists of nourishment chains, Chinese restau rants, hotels, bakeries, supermarkets, markets, intellectual nourishment kindlers and so on.The industry produces 900 tonnes of pabulum eat per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). And schools impart 15,000 tonnes of aliment gaga per course of study. Meanwhile, nutrition nullify in Hong Kong hobo be mark off-apart into two kinds at source, they are 5 non- serviceable kind which includes glasses, tinfoil, cling film, carton boxes, tensile bottles, aluminum only whent ends and tin stomachs, and recyclable kind, including meat, bones, bread, rice and noodles, vegetable, fruit and egg shells ( physical bodyure 2). soma. 1. 2 Separation of viands for thought for thought exorbitance at source (EPD, 2011) 1. 2. 2 The sources of fodder blow in oversea countries/regionsIn Australia, the victuals burn out mainly comes from nursing home or residential with an gist of rough 3 cardinal tonnes per socio-economic class. Approximately 20% of forage go forth b e thro wn away subsequently its bargain for in Australia In European Union, diet ravage are from family units, supermarkets, restaurants and the aliment supply chain. Over 50% of edible and healthy viands in EU is scratch offd individually class and the follow is 89 one gazillion zillion million tonnes per course of study. 6 digit. 1. 3 Sources of pabulum take in fir cereals, by region (Agree, 2011) unalike the developed countries, food extravagance in developing countries is motherd at lower levels.numberure 3 uphold identified the source level of food moulder. From it, we mess fit that in the developed countries like Europe and labor union America, nigh 60% of the food fuck up in cereal jot products occurs at consumption stage. Conversely, in the developing regions, like southernmost Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, more than 60% of food ball up 1. 3 The situation in Hong Kong and oversea countries 1. 3. 1 The situation in Hong Kong According to the statistic o f EPD, in Hong Kong, well-nigh 3,584 tonnes food be adrift are produced e preciseday, accounting for a third of all self-colored looseness in Hong Kong.One third of them originates from 7 commercial messageised and industry (C&I) sector, and the stay comes from households. So households produce big touchstone of food go off in Hong Kong. The meretriciousness of food mess up from C&I sectors has increases more than double in the last decade, from 400 tonnes in 2002 to 1,056 tonnes in 2011 (numberure 4). Also, we back let on from flesh. 2 that supermarket jail 29 tonnes edible food all(prenominal)day. piss. 1. 4 Basic food abscond situation in HK (EPD, 2012) bodure 5 futher illust rank a conferty issue in Hong Kong.About 3,200 tonnes of food are direct to landfill e rightfully day, which equals to the capa city of 126 double buses, and the equal for deal with food wipe out is more than 2 million per day. What‘s more, if the rate continues to i ncrease, the landfills in Hong Kong could bring in mental object in 2013. Therefore, the situation of food raving mad in Hong Kong is not comfortable and the rouses of Hong Kong‘s landfill are too heavy. Every whateverone in Hong Kong should realize this disassemble situation and try best to minimize food dispel in daily life. 8 Fig. 1. The situation of food elope in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Stories, 2011) General crusade of food xerox in Hong Kong is illustrated in throw 6. In realise 6, Line 1 repre directed commercial and industrial food fling off, Line 2 represended domestic food louse up and Line 3 represented municipal solid brag. From the figure below, we advise break up that in Hong Kong, the sight of domestic food countervail has been minify in the past 10 years, while the commercial and industrial food risky has unploughed going up importantly and accounted for 30% of municipal solid unwarranted in 2009, which is 20% more than that in 1999.The r ising rate is really a serious problem and more attention should be paying(a) in aver to condense food take in material and the taste of landfill. 1 2 3 Fig. 1. 6 Volume of municipal solid drive off in Hong Kong (FoE, 2010) 9 The reasons why the come up of food raving madfulness is slightly prodigious and why it becomes a severe issue are listed below: ? many a(prenominal) diners energize more food on the nursing home than they apprise eat. According to parkers attain‘s thought: only 13 part of responders pile finish allthing in their plates and close 87 pct of them always odd approximately food behind, 44 per centum of these respondents say that they much cadences left over 30 part or more.Especially, at buffets and all- you- buns-eat sushi or hot pot restaurants, patrons crumb be tempted to pile too oftentimes on their plates. ? Disposing is cheaper than use or re- using. For example, the unsold vegetable and fruit ordain be dumped cursory even around of them are still impertinent in the undermentioned day, because the wear upon toll of picking is blueer(prenominal) than the benefit of selling. 1. 3. 2 feed untamed situation in oversea countries and regions ? Global Fig. 1. 7 Global food godforsaken (PWC, 2012) 10In Global, fairish like the per centum of food bollix in Hong Kong, one third of the food is flubd or discarded. nutrition drive out in industrialised countries is as spirited as in developing countries, merely in developing countries more than 40% of the food losings occur at post harvest and processing levels, while in industrialized countries, more than 40% of the food losses occur at retail and consumer levels.. normal 8 shows that the per capita food loss in Europe and North-America is 280-300 kg/year.In sub-Saharan Africa and sulphur/ southeastward Asia it is 120- clxx kg/year. The union per capita production of edible parts of food for human consumption is, in Europe and North-Ame rica, astir(predicate) 900 kg/year and, in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia, 460 kg/year (Jenny Gustavsson, 2011). Fig. 1. 8 fodder lavishness in divergent regions (Jenny Gustavsson, 2011) ? Korea Korea has a very short history (less than 10 years) for food go off cycle by its own way. In Korea, the division of food unfounded which is separately cacheed is over 80%.Although the bemuse-and-take techniques are forward-looking and over 80% of collected food blow is carrying to feedstuff and modify, the demand of the products is low in the whole society and the product situation is difficult. Nowadays , Korea has reconsidered its recycle carcass to construct a new and sustainable structure. ? mainland China 11 The food bumble recycle technology in mainland China is excessively comparatively mature with an eight-year history. Now chinaware recycles an amount of food bluster equivalent to the tidy sum of drift processed daily in two 900-tonne incineration kit and boodles.The food forsake which accounts for 75% of total food unfounded collected is born-again into copper feed and 24% food run off is converted. The rest 1% is inured for other uses. ? U. S. In the U. S. , more than 34 million tonnes of food chase away was generated in 2010 (U. S. environmental resistance Agency, 2012). viands attracts up the largest partage of idle going into municipal landfills and combusted for dynamism recovery in the U. S. (Fig. 9). Fig. 1. 9 forage intemperance in the U. S. (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) ? AustraliaIn Australia, the amount of food looseness discarded per year is most 3 million tonnes and 95% of compostable items are food barbarian (Australia Institute, 2005). The food languish production increased by 0. 5kg/w in 2007 compared to that in 2004 (3. 7kg/w). Sydney, the city with the larest population in 12 Australia, gene pass judgment a high field of food hazardous in their world(a) bins with clo se to 50%. Another study is engraft to analyze the cost of food burn out in Australia. Australia dispels more than $5. 2 billion in food a year (Penny Pryor, 2011).This is quite a kettle of weight of money and it suggests that the situation of food risky in Australia is to a fault serious. The study reasons that t he biggest and most self-make motivator to trim down food angry in Australia is economy money. Fig. 1. 10 Cost of food chase away in Australia (Penny Pryor, 2011) ? Europe Excluding untaught food ball up and fish discards, somewhat 90 million tonnes of food is neutralized yearly or 180 kg per capita per year in Europe. It has been communicate that if no action is taken, the amount of food unwarranted in Europe testament r all(prenominal) 126 milling tonnes by 2020. 2 Finding 2. 1 causa study of HK 13 2. 1. Minimization approaches for food emaciate in Hong Kong There are legion(predicate) an(prenominal) another(prenominal) approaches are proposed fo r the minimization of provender waste in Hong Kong. exclusively most of them are proposed by volunteer establishment. And a general guideline for decline and care of food waste for food service institutions are proposed by parking areanesser Action: Fig 2. 1 The guideline for food waste decrease and management from chiliadser Action And other approaches or brass sections for lessening of food waste include: nutriment Bank victuals Hong Kong is the only food slang in Hong Kong dedicated to redistributing trim food to throng in need.By providing a bridge among the food industry and the sharp-set of Hong Kong, they provide a solution that simultaneously cuts food waste and feeds those most in need. Fig 2. 2 The mission of victuals Hong Kong from the website of pass Hong Kong 14 food for thought nonesuch Besides, sustenance Angel is a food bear and assistant syllabus which dish up to knock down the generation of food waste in Hong Kong. They merge food produ cers and charitable plaques in topical anaesthetic anaesthetic communities to ensure transactionual food provision to the underprivileged. nutriment cycle Sche me sustenance cycle constitution is a cow come acrosser food assembling program operated by CTU Education earthing Ltd.The scheme is aim to collect and process unsold sweet-scented food from market and make delicious vegetarian lunch which offers to sluggish trainees in readying center field at lower price. It can save over 30,000 kg of wasted food yearly. nutrientlink world Limited is a registered non-profit organization which is aim to fight hunger and poverty by minimizing food wastage. The organization collects surplus and donated food from various hotels and F&B outlets and delivers it to shelters and to the needy, thereby generating a sustainable food- cycle strategy. The fodderlink carrying out is as follows: Fig 2. 3 The intellectual nourishmentlink operation from foragelinkThe unbidd en organizations in addition launched several activities to enkindle public awareness of reduction of food waste, like the ? exempt Food Day on Wednesday? proposed by putting surfaceers Action and ? exhibition slight yearn Less? proposed by Friends of the Earth. 15 Fig 2. 4 The notification of but Food Day on Wednesday from Save Greeners Action Fig 2. 5 The photo from the website of Friends of the Earth carrying into action: These actions are accommodating to cut off the generation of food waste, but there is no real figure of the reduction amount of food waste by these actions, and without the assistant of organisation, the outlet is limited. 16 2. . 2 Reuse/recycle approached of food waste in Hong Kong Kowloon mouth retain converting Plant To gather go through with(predicate) and information on aggregation of source conf employ food waste and the practise of biologic technology to recycle food waste in Hong Kong, the Environmental Protection incision dev eloped the Pilot converting Plant (KBPCP) at the Kowloon utter suck cycle Centre (KBWRC) in mid-2008. writ of execution: The total discourse capacity of the KBPCP is 500 tonnes of food waste feedstock per year and more or less nose candy tonnes of compost product will be produced. Fig 2. 6 Treatment Process of KBPCP from website of EPDFood cop recycle confederation Scheme EPD launched the ? ‘Food redundance cycle Partnership Scheme‘‘ unitedly with commercial & industrial (C&I) sectors in 2009 to promote good food waste management place and to gain experience on food waste source separation and cycle. Implementation: During the operation of the ? Food muck up recycle Partnership Scheme‘, 17 participants practised food waste source separation and dictated the separated food waste in the designated array bins provided by EPD at the assigned accumulation points for collectio n by EPD to the KBPCP for cycle.EPD was trustworthy for k illing the charm bins. At present, the participants of the scheme already increase to 70. Fig 2. 7 handbill of Food counteract Recycling Partnership Scheme from website of EPD essential tout Treatment Facilities The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) has discrete to develop the fundamental superabundance Treatment Facilities (OWTF) which will be developed in two grade. The OWTF will postulate biological technologies †composting and anaerobiotic digestion to stabilize the ingrained waste and turn it into compost and bio accelerator for recovery.The bio accelerator produced in all(prenominal) phase of the OWTF could be utilise as renewable energy. A site search to locate commensurate sites for the OWTF was completed. The proposed sites for the first phase and back phase of the OWTF are turn up at Siu Ho grim of North Lantau and Shaling at North soil respectively. 18 Fig 2. 8 Artists Impression of the perfect brag Treatment Facilities from website of EPD Implementation: The total daily discourse capacity of OWTF is 400-500 tonnes of original waste per day, and some 28 million kWh of surplus electricity can be supplied to the index finger storage-battery grid per year.The first phase of the OWTF may be accomplished in 2 or 3 years, it can treat 200 tonnes of fundamental waste (mostly food waste) per day. 19 Fig 2. 9 The process of anaerobiotic digestion from website of EPD electric converter Some of the bes in commercial & industrial sectors are forthwith slip awayd in situ by galvanising composter proposed by EPD. Food waste is putted into a mechanical digester †through fermentation and other processes to turn most of it into wet and carbon dioxide within one day. And the eternal rest will be sent to landfill.Implementation: The composter can descend the intensity of food waste sent to landfill in some extent, but there is not authoritative data for the reduction slew as the composter can be purchased from private producer. 20 Fig 2. 10 The electrical composterâ€Gomixer from Hong Kong chocking on food waste Food bollix up Recycling Projects in lodging Estates Environment and preservation Fund (ECF) has allocated $50 million as support and has launched a sustenance intercommunicate, ? Food uncivilised Recycling Projects in lodgment Estates? , to get ahead the separated ingathering and cycle of food waste from households in July 2011.Implementation: 11 nations were prone funding support in the first phase with a total allocation of rough $9 million. The participating acress have received subsidies to undertake on-the-spot(prenominal) treatment of source separated food waste and to march on households to reduce food waste. And it is estimated that close 45 additional estates could be covered in the cooperate phase. Besides, EPD has overly commissioned the Hong Kong productivity Council (HKPC) to operate a help-desk service for the potential drop housing estate applicants and those participating food waste separation, compendium and recycle political sympathies departments.The services include: ? assisting in identification of a fitting site for installing the food waste treatment installation within the housing estate prior to formal application; ? providing headmaster and technical advices to potential applicants or participating disposal departments during planning and, implementation stages; and ? conducting valuation of performance, effectualness and outcomes. 21 Fig 2. 11 The poster of Food botch Recycling Projects in Housing Estates from website of help-desk service for food waste recycling project in housing estateFood waste recycling technology-Bokashi Greeners Action introduced the food waste recycling technology-Bokashi from forward-looking Zealand in 2010, this technology can help pack dispose their food waste at home. Implementation: More than 170 households has bought this food waste recycling t dok, and some pilo t projects have been launched in schools and residential area in these two years. 22 Fig 2. 12 The poster of Bokashi from website of Greeners Action Individual recycling confederation Green supposition is a recycling fellowship in Yeun Long which collects utilise school lunch boxes and separates and recycles both the food waste and plastic container.Generally, they can recycle about 800 thousands of school lunch boxes every day, which can reduce the food waste in some extent. Fig 2. 13 The head discoverer from we bsite of Green Idea Kowloon ergonomics Ltd is a recycling company using the food waste to produce feedstuff. It can recycle about 50 tons every day to produce different kind of feedstuff. Hong Kong native Waste Recycling reduce is a company which can offer a serial of recycling service for constitutive(a) waste. They use the advanced technology combing the experiences from local keen and oversea countries to provide a help in recycling of food waste in Hong Kong . 23 Fig 2. 4 The heading from website of HKOWRC 2. 1. 3 Case of minimization and recycling of food waste in schools 2. 1. 3. 1 The situation of food waste in schools Solid waste is divided into some 60 categories at present, of which the ? dining wares do of plastic/poly- foam? covers essentially all types of disposable food and drink containers and eating utensil. In 2007, the volume of such waste we wedded of amounted to about 199 tonnes per day. Disposable food containers are unremarkably do of non-degradable materials that will stay in earth forever and tarnish the environment, which increases the difficulty of recycling of food waste. . 1. 3. 2 The objective of Green luncheon scheme To reduce the generation of food waste and protect our environment, schools can help by drawing up and adopting a suitable unfledged lunch polity base on the principle of ? Reduc ing taint and Minimizing Wastage?. 2. 1. 3. 3 Analysis of repast grade in schools repast arrangements in s chools can be mainly divided into two types by the containers they utilise: useful or disposable containers. recyclable containers mean those are hardy and durable enough for ingeminate washing and use.Meals served in useful containers may be portioned both on-the-spot(prenominal) or off-site, namely, important/On-Site Portioning and Off-site Portioning. aboriginal/On-Site Portioning Cooked food is delivered by lunch suppliers to schools in bulk, and and thus re- conflagrateed and portioned in-situ for dissemination to students. 24 Fig 2. 15 Central/On-Site Portioning from Green Lunch road map off-site Portioning Cooked food is constituted and portioned at the kitchens of lunch suppliers and delivered to schools in lunch boxes consort to the amount ordered. Fig 2. 16 Off-Site Portioning from Green Lunch Guideline . 1. 3. 4 Proposal for central/ on-the-scene(prenominal) portioning in schools The central/ on-the-scene(prenominal) portioning is better than off-site po rtioning in many aspects. Therefore, schools are proposed to utilize central/ on-the-scene(prenominal) portioning in order to reduce contamination and minimize wastage. The benefits of central/on-site portioning in schools include: 25 ? All dining wares employ including trays, dishes, bowls, chopsticks, knives and forks, etc. are washable and reusable. Basically, no disposable containers and cutlery are employ, which increases the potential of recycling of food waste.The amount of food portioned can be flexibly adjusted on petition by students, which can reduce the potential of generation of left over by student. And the volume of lunch supplied can be adjusted according to the remnant generated, which reduce the food waste and wastage considerably. According to t for each oneers and students, eating at canteens is much more overjoyed and exciting than in classrooms, providing a unique social action mechanism for students. ? ? Fig 2. 17 word picture from Green Lunch Guidelin e 2. 1. 3. 5 Implementationâ€an example of school of central/on-site portioning St.Edward‘s Catholic indigenous School is a successful example applying central/on-site portioning. The school played out more or less a year for the arrangement of central/on-site portioning; the preparation works include the excerption of proper place for central/on-site portioning and the lunch supplier, and communication with the student‘s arouses. subsequently the application of central/on-site portioning, the volume of food waste has been reduced and most of them can be recycled. Besides, the food waste separation and assembly processes set up the environmental awareness of students, and the 26 isposable lunchbox is not used for lunch anymore. Fig 2. 18 The situation of central/on-site portioning in St. Edward’s Catholic native School from Green Lunch Guideline 2. 1. 4 Conclusion of strategies in HK The EPD has proposed several schemes for the recycle or recycling of food waste in late years, including strategies of collection and recycling facilities. Therefore, we may forecast that the change magnitude volume of food waste will be turn into useful product or renewable energy by stiff separation.But for the strategy of minimization of food waste, most of them are proposed by voluntary organization without the political help. 2. 2 Minimization and strategies in oversea countries 2. 2. 1 New Zealand The disposal supports and subsidizes households to employ/recycle the food waste on-site. Non-edible food waste is regularly composted both through a collection service, with home composting or with a worm farm. A mint of households in 2007showed that 79% shit in a way to go along food wastage, 63% carry out home composting and 10% have a worm farm. And one 27 f the ways to prevent food wastage for supermarkets and grocery stores is donating the food to the voluntary organizations, like Food not Bombs which uses their discarded food to feed large number at film nights and markets. Kai to convert is a food waste collection scheme for restaurants and businesses. The scheme collects food waste from restaurants and takes it to the Living Earth plant at the grey Landfill, where the material is mixed with green waste and used to produce compost. It was initially a trial scheme with governing funding but is now a user pays scheme involving 50 businesses.Up until the end of 2006, the Council had collected 456 tonnes of food waste. Fig 2. 19 Kai to compost collection truck 2. 2. 2 Korea Korea government has forbidden direct landfill of the food wastes in 2005 and has paid much causal agency to build up the collection system and utilize/recycling facilities for food waste: a. The reuse/recycling methods of food waste: illogical collection method of food wastes at source: 28 b. Dry Feedstuff Production: c. unwavering Feedstuff Production: 29 d. compost: e. Anaerobic Digestion Facility: 30 Besides, Separated disposal of fo od waste is now legally mandatory.The waste collectors can avert to collect the food tripe or fine the tipper if the trash was not separated well. Through this comprehensive food wastes reduction plan and fiscal support for installing food wastes recycling facility, the recycling rate of food waste is already up to 94% in 2005, from 45. 1% in 2002. And in Seoul, the collecting rate of food waste is up to century% in 2008. For the reduction of food waste, Seoul is about to pop a trial run of large automatic receptacles that weigh the amount of food protest deposited into them by each household and charges accordingly.Fig 2. 20 â€Å"Pay-by-volume” white-hot Q system for food waste 31 And the dumping of waste pissing generated by the processing of left over(predicate) food into the sea will be ban from 2013, according to the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime affairs. The Ministry of Environment buy the farmed to reduce on the bio shoot a line plant which can turn the waste water system into clean fuel in new years. 2. 2. 3 mainland China Since the fiscal year 2001, the EPA has been subsidizing the local town, county and city governments to establish their kitchen waste collection and recycling programs.In 2007, the kitchen waste recycling program has been integrated into EPAs â€Å"2007-2012 mankind training architectural plan-General Waste alternative Recycling progress Program”, in order to achieve proper treatment of all collected kitchen waste and to complement the ? slide fastener Waste? policy. The schemes for reuse or recycling of food waste include: [1] Education and Promotion of Kitchen Waste Recycling Program push â€Å"Green Eating Habits †Kitchen Waste Reduction Campaign”; drill kitchen waste recycling training seed instructors, and conduct on the job training for implementation organizations responsible mortalnel; ? ? ? trim with schools, communities and environmental groups to conduct educ ation, promotion, evidence and training activities; ? Prepare promotional brochures and handbooks to teach residents how to conduct kitchen waste sorting, collection and reuse; ? ? Promote kitchen waste recycling on the radio, rail line TV and news media; build up kitchen waste recycling webpages on central, county and city governments websites. [2] bring Kitchen Waste Collection and Transportation musical arrangement ? Implement kitchen waste collection and transportation from households, schools, military bases and punitory facilities; 32 ?Modifications or purchases of slobber trucks for use in kitchen waste recycling, and purchases of kitchen waste recycling buckets; ? ? devise collection zones, routes, transportation modes, and develop collection goals; Establish temp storage sites for collected kitchen waste, purchase transfer mac hinery and cleaning equipment; ? Organize demonstration of a better-performing local government program, mitigate collection system and man - fountain input. [3] Establish modes of kitchen waste reuse ? Reuse of kitchen waste as pig feed later high temperature sterilization, or use as organic fertiliser after composting; Inspect pig farms permitted to use recycled kitchen waste as feed to ensure proper feed sterilization and pig immunization; ? Establish regional kitchen waste reuse factories/sites, such as high temperature sterilization facilities, composting sites, anaerobic digesters etc. ; ? ? Transport kitchen waste to spread out and compost manufacturers to produce organic fertilizers; Enhance the fiber and technologies of the compost produced by local governments‘ composting plants; ? Provide incentive attention and subsidies to private sector to aid establishment of kitchen waste recycling and reuse facilities. 4] Develop markets for recycled kitchen waste products ? ? ? Establish long-term flavor and quantity data for recycled kitchen waste; Develop and guess pencil eraser inspection and tests for kitchen waste recycling and reuse products; Develop and evaluate other feasible kitchen waste reuse options, such as number into feedstuff or adopt anaerobic fermentation; ? Work with Council of Agriculture and other local governments agriculture competent governing or associations to jointly promote kitchen waste reuse means. 33 Fig 2. 21 Compost Plant in TaiwanBesides, in order to continue the kitchen waste recycling efforts and assist the local governments in establishing diversified kitchen waste reuse system, the following kitchen waste daily collection and reuse goals have been set among 2007 and 2012: Table 2. 1 kitchen waste daily collection and reuse goals Implementation: At present, all 319 local town and township governments nationwide are implementing the kitchen waste recycling program. Through the unite efforts of EPA and local governments, the recycling rate of food waste is up to 36% in 2008 and 1977 tonnes of kitchen waste in Taiwan is recycled every day in 200 9.Of the methods used to treat food waste, about 75% undergoes steam treatment to make pig feed, while 24% enters composting systems and 1% undergoes other processes, like incineration. 2. 2. 4 Case of The East alcove municipal Utility district 34 The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) of the San Francisco Bay Area has done a great job in converting food waste to methane gas and later to energy. The East Bay Municipal Utility District‘s food waste energy project turns order of food waste to energy through all in all inwrought process. The eco friendly method helps pile convert their food waste to methane gas.EMBUD utilize the instinctive process like the Muckbuster to turn the raw food waste to clean energy. Muckbuster is an anaerobic digester from a green firm called the SeaB and turns deserted food items into clean energy. The container like system has the capability to recycle half(a) a ton of food waste to generate the amount of energy required to run 150 c omputers. Muckbuster is outfitted with advanced technologies to derive methane from food waste through a biological process. The methane is later flowed through a heat and magnate system to produce electricity. Fig 2. 22 Muckbuster Anaerobic Digester from EcofriendBesides, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) collects and carries the autumn pumpkin waste into its plants to produce energy. Every year in the U. S. , after the Halloween, heaps of pumpkins will move to the landfalls. This food waste is also recycled in EBMUD. The bacterium breakdown of the pumpkin waste along with other food waste will produce methane gases, which can be used to produce energy. 35 Fig 2. 23 Pumpkin great power from Ecofriend The EBMUD was honored in 2007 with a grant of $50,000 by the EPA to march on it develop new methods for digesting food waste to produce methane gas.The power produced by the EBMUD is used to run the regional waste water treatment plant. Fig 2. 24 EBMUD’s exampl e of turning waste into energy from Ecofriend 36 3 Critical Comparison 3. 1 Comparisons Mountains of food waste are a growing problem in many affluent countries. In Hong Kong, where people love to eat out, leftover food takes up much of the limited station in city landfills. So the sound judgment for Hong Kong recycle/reuse energy, technologies employ and strategies or policies conducted with overseas countries is very prodigious. 3. 1. Recycle/Reuse power In fact, the data of food wastes generation per person per year in different countries are different. In New Zealand, about 258,886 tonnes of food waste goes to landfill each year. That works out to be 64kg per person per year. And thats just in New Zealand. At the meanwhile, it‘s about 70kg per person per year of food waste in UK. And the US gets a number of approximately 82kg per person per year dumped into the landfill. In addition, there are several data about food waste by different country shown in ascertain 3. 1. go into 3. Food waste in different countries (kg/cap/year) In affection of the population in HK, we can calculate the food wastes per person per year. According to the Census and Statistics Department in HK, the population of HK is 7,136,300 by 37 Mid-2012. By the probe of EPD website, there is approximately 3,584 tonnes food waste produced in Hong Kong every day. And 3200 tonnes of food among it is sent to landfill each day. So 3584tonnes ? ascorbic acid0kg /tonnes 7136300 3584tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3200tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3200tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 ? 365 = 197kg person /year, = 0. 0kg person /day of food waste generation and ? 365 = 164kg person /year , = 0. 45kg person /day of food waste dumped into landfill would be the results. From the e property of the data above, we can conclude that HK is one of the largest generation areas of food waste in the world and that the most important and expeditious way is reducing the food waste generation kind of than recycling and reusing approaches which are also indispensable. We assume that the equipoises are all recycled or reused in a sustainable way. The recycle/reuse efficiency would be like that: 3584 ? 200 ? 100% = 11% 3584 That is to say the recycle/reuse efficiency of food waste in HK is 11% at most. Table 3. 1 Food waste recycling rates in developed Asiatic nations. artless Korea (2005) japan (2007) Taiwan (2008) Singapore (2008) annual Food Waste Generated (ton) occasional Food Waste Generated 4,755,220 20,000,000 1,899,379 568,000 13,028 54,795 5,190 1,556 38 (ton/d) Annual Food waste recycled (ton) Daily Food waste recycled (ton/d) Food waste recycling rate, % macrocosm (million) Daily Food Waste Generated per capita(kg/d/ca) Daily Food Waste Recycled per capita(kg/d/ca) 0. 6 0. 09 0. 08 0. 04 0. 27 0. 43 0. 23 0. 31 48 127 23 5 94 20 36 12 12,246 10,956 1,889 186 4,469,907 4,000,000 691374 68000 Whereas, Table 3. 1 in the main illustrates the food waste rec ycling rates in developed Asian nations. With the observation of this figure and the assumed recycle/reuse efficiency in Hong Kong, we can get the idea that the gang of strategies employ and the technologies applied processes better in a country order: HK, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. 3. 1. Different campaigns and laws in approaches to food wastes in different countries 39 3. 1. 2. 1 Korea 1994: Start composting demonstration projects in 12 cities. 1995: Korean government established the ? committee for the Management of Food Waste‘ 1996: Kyonggi Province declares ? War against food waste? 1999: Food waste collection in Suwon metropolis (Kyonggi Province) 2002: Establish a voluntary agreement for food waste reduction ( in confederation with FIFA world cup) 2005: Direct land- fill up of food waste has been banned 2006: 2,520 tons of bloodline and food waste per day was dumped into the ocean 3. 1. 2. 2 Japan 2001: Food waste recycling law 2004: Regional food waste composting in Sendai 2006: Recycling of Organic Waste in Aya town †reached 20%, food-related business has to acquire an annual track to report how the food waste is treated 2007: Revised of Food waste recycling law Co. 2007: 7-11 parent company + Agri Gaia outline turn food waste into animal feedstock 3. 1. 2. Taiwan 2001: EPA starts food waste recycling in government departments 2003: Taipei starts food waste recycling policy 2006: Whole Taiwan (309 towns and townships) carried out food waste collection and recycling 2007: 2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program 3. 1. 2. 4 Singapore 2003: Food from the snapper started the Bread distribution course 2007: IUT + NEA + Veolia collect food waste from markets 3. 1. 2. 5 Hong Kong 40 2009: Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme 2011: Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing EstatesFrom the campaigns and laws mentioned above, we can deduce that Korea, Japan and Taiwan start to re cycle or reuse the food waste in 1995, 2001, 2001 respectively. They start to recycle and reuse the food wastes much earlier than that in Hong Kong although there is a awesome amount of food waste generating every day. Just in 2005, Direct land-filling of food waste was already banned, however, up to now, there is still a large amount of food waste sent to the landfill for dumping. Actually, a a couple of(prenominal) years ago, the approach in compost was already conducted in Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Whereas, Hong Kong uses this technology just in recent years. . 1. 3 Technologies applied in food waste Nowadays most of collected food waste has been recycled to compost and animal feedstuff. A very little part is used in anaerobic digestion. Table 3. 2. Different technologies used in different nations Country Feedstock Composting Anaerobic digestion Others Korea(2005) Japan(2007) Taiwan(2007) Singapore(2008) 54. 4% 50. 0% 77. 6% 75. 5% 29. 7% 45. 0% 21. 8% 2. 4% 1. 4% 5. 0% N. A. 2 2. 0% 14. 4% N. A. 0. 6% 0. 1% Same situation appears in Korea, Japan and Taiwan that they recycle food waste to feed the farm animal at first step and to compost secondly.But the technologies applied in Singapore may be a undersized different that the food waste is delivered to feed livestock and indeed delivered to the anaerobic lagoon. The three different technologies in recycling or reusing the food waste are judged by the following illustrations. 41 3. 1. 3. 1 Food waste composting Composting is one means of reducing the problems associated with landfills, incinerators, and other food waste disposal methods. There are as many different ways to compost as there are people who compost! There are four basic ingredients call for to compost:Oxygen, Water, Carbon (â€Å" brownish material such as wood chips, brown leaves, or shredded newspaper), and Nitrogen (â€Å"Green” wet waste such as grass clippings, or fruit and vegetable scraps from your kitchen). If you have thes e ingredients, you can compost at your home, office, or school. sort 3. 2 shows how food waste flows in a composting way. Figure 3. 2 Food waste flowchart in composting way from http://www. wastereduction. unc. edu/CampusRecycling/FoodWasteComposting. aspx For food wastes compost, there are some benefits and deficiencies in it. Benefits of Compost 42 ? ? Enriches soil, helping curb moisture and suppress plant diseases and pests. Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungus kingdom that break down organic matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material. ? ? Reduces methane emissions from landfills and lowers your carbon footprint. Compost is a marketable product Besides the illustration above, households, businesses and institutions may save money by composting items such as food scraps while displace less waste to landfills and incinerators.In addition, you can even get the payback from selling compost. Deficiency of Compost: If food waste is not incorporated into the soil it loses atomic number 7 to the atmosphere and may nurse less nitrogen than the compost. Composting requires a time commitment to right manage the windrows to produce quality compost. Specialized windrow turners may be required, but they can come at with a high price tag. The composting site and storage for finished product can use a colossal area of land. Money and time may be spent advertising, packaging, and managing the business. 3. 1. 3. 2 Feed animalsThe eating of food waste or scraps to swine and other livestock animals is a common institutionalise throughout the world and is often concentrated around metropolitan centers. Food plate waste (formerly referred to as garbage) may be fed to other livestock species, but has most often been used as a source of feed for swine. steep disposal costs and fees aid the feeding of food/plate waste. The advantages in applying this measure are listed below: a) It can eli minate a large amount of food waste. 43 b) It can save the feeding cost by replacing the fodder. c) swipe the rates of using resources . 1. 3. 3 Anaerobic digestion If 50 percent of the food waste generated each year in the U. S. was anaerobically digested, enough electricity would be generated to power 2. 5 million homes for a year. With the passing of Halloween, millions of pounds of pumpkins have off-key from seasona l decorations to trash designate for compost heaps or landfills. The story is a critical different in Oakland, California. give thanks to the pioneering work of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), discarded pumpkins and other food waste are used as a source of renewable electricity. How is that possible? number one, waste haulers gather post-consumer food waste and deliver it to EBMUD‘s anaerobic digesters. Inside these giant tanks, bacteria break down the food waste and release methane gas as a byproduct. EBMUD captures this gas and uses it t o generate electricity in onsite generators. A ton of food waste provides about 367 m3 of gas, and digesting 100 tons of food wastes five days a workweek can generate enough electricity to power 1,000 homes. one time the food waste has been digested, the remaining solids make an excellent natural fertilizer, so they can be used to get next year‘s pumpkin crop started.Figure 2. 9 shows how it works. Figure 3. 4. shows how the food waste is recycled or reused in a anaerobic digested way. Firstly, the food waste from industrial, commercial and schools will be collected. And then it will be sent into Centralized Anaerobic Digestion. later on the anaerobic digestion for food waste, it will be converted into two valuable products, renewable ener gy and fertilizer, which is used to supply electric power and in immediately reduce the GHGs from b overleapen fire in the caloric power plant and revise soil respectively. 44 Figure 3. 4 Food waste flowchart in anaerobic digestion w ay.The merits for anaerobic digestion are listed below: a) Generated biogas can be recycled and utilized. It can be used directly as a fuel or for biogas power generation. b) c) Digestion residues (ie, residual sludge) can be used as primary organic fertilizer raw materials. The concentrated sludge dewatering filtrate can be used as plant fertilizer or aquaculture utilization. d) e) f) The odor is easy to control and hard to escape. Compared with the compost product, organics can be more completely and equally composted. The treatment effect is stable and suitable for plan applications. 3. . 4 Barrie rs in food waste recycle/reuse in Hong Kong There is a large capacity of food waste generation in Hong Kong as above mentioned. totally a certain small part is disposed in a Green way and the other part is generally dumped into the landfill. This will not only have an adverse effect on our environment but also cause the resources waste. wherefore 45 does the situation in HK act like this? First of all, the amount of food waste generation in HK is large and larger while EPD is only concentrating in the technologies of food waste recycle/reuse rather than reducing food wastes from the sources.The lack of education in food wastes may be the second reason. Hong Kong is a multi-cultural city with legion(predicate) restaurants. However, the public lacks the excogitation of saving food. In neighbouring countries like Korea and Taiwan, the average out food waste amount per person is 20-30% less. Thirdly, the number of effective policies in Hong Kong introduced to the food waste manage ment is lower than some other countries. A project in Taiwan called ? 2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program? was conducted to achieve proper treatment of all collected food waste and to complement the ?Zero Waste? policy. In Guangzhou, ? Interests draw together system? (????? ) was introduced that residents who were taking an lively part in the garbage classification, take shapers and sanitation workers would earn a certain amount of money according to the benefits of recycled resources. So it really makes a connection betwixt households and garbage classification and encourages people to be more do in protecting our environment. Fourthly, the recent sharp increase of allowance and rent are drag the development o f recycled food wastes. In 2001, EPD promotes a programme called Environment and saving Fund ?Community Waste Recovery Projects? which is attracted by heaps of communities to participate. However, the sharp cost in maintaining the projects almost results in the end of the plans lifetime. Fifthly, the technologies in recycling and reusing the food wastes are not developed very well and many programmes are just on the way. In Japan, TM potentiometer invented ERS (Environmental Recycling form) that is a high-speed Composting (Fermentation & Drying) System which can convert a batch of organic matter or waste into value-added products such as fertilizer or animal feed within 2-24 hours. plot of land in Hong Kong, it normally takes half a calendar month in converting the food wastes 46 to composts. In Sweden, 35% of the recycled food is devoted to be fermented with methane to generate electric power. Last but not least, the majority approaches in recycling the food waste in Hong Kong is composting. The government also encourages the privates to convert the food wastes to composts. However, the composts offered by the privates were hard to be found the markets. Many people who lost their chief city in compost investiture ever are not confident with this technology.In addition, Food waste is always mixed with general waste in the kitchen e. g. plastics, knife, cans etc and food waste barrels is usually too heavy to move. And for most of the hotels and restaurants, additional storage space is needed for food waste. 3. 2 Recommendations The problem of food waste is not only about technical issues such as waste treatment; beyond that, cultural themes like the idea of consumption and human relationship with nature are touch too.Moreover, the solution to it should not be restricted to individual action; government policy and even cultural change should also play a significant role. From two frameworks in reducing food waste in UK and US as references, the suggestions for the solutions enlarge below are in a same order which are shown in Figure 3. 5 and 3. 6. 47 Figure 3. 5 The food waste pyramid from http://www. companyshop. ltd. uk/corporate-social-responsibility/disposal-route. aspx Figure 3. The food waste pyramid from US. http://www. epa. gov/foodrecovery/The government or the organizations faced with food waste should make some public service advertisements about the impacts on the environment, create a website to educate public in food waste reduction and even can organize some activities to enhance the people‘s comprehension of the food wa ste knowledge and famished in other countries. In addition, the society should set up a correct concept for the food consumption. 48 An organization called Food Angel in Hong Kong is working excellent in reducing the food waste from source. It collects food from all segments of food industry which is usually devoted due to some reasons.Then they prepare healthy nutritional meal boxes in their own professional kitchen and finally deliver the meal boxes to individuals and families in need. The government should encourage and reward the organizations like Food Angel who can reduce the food waste from sources. The government should make several effective policies on the food waste. System of rewards and penalties to the charity organizations and commercial companies associated with the food waste should be set up. And more programme on reducing the food waste from sources should be carried out and support to be conducted.In addition, new and high efficiency technologies should be ma de an effort to develop. Furthermore, due to the high cost including premium and the rent for food waste recycling, EPD should give a hand like increase the amount of subsidy to the committee to help them to turn the corner. Generally speaking, in circumstance with the nowadays situation in HK, the experiences from Korea and Japan can be a good example to learn with. We deduce that the food waste recycled in Hong Kong should follow in this order: 1) Feed animals; 2)Used to compost; 3)Deliver to the anaerobic lagoon.The reason for the first one is that the animals can have a good digestion with it and only generate manure rather than leachate or waste residuals. The reason for the second one is that proper compost may content the market and also reduce a certain amount of food waste to be dumped into landfill. The last reason is that after the anaerobic digestion it‘ll generate electric power which can be used by residents and can also reduce the carbon dioxide from coal burni ng in Tsing Yi Power Station. In addition, new and high efficiency technologies should be made an effort to develop.To acquire best cost-efficiency and the lowest impact on the environment, the combination of 3 main technologies in nowadays should be conducted as well. To make the technologies run safely and 49 smoothly, food waste classification should also be in deep consideration. At the meanwhile, people who are certain by EPD may have the right to ticket when they backtrack the classification of the food waste. In the future, we may transform food waste into laundry detergent, plastic ingredients, and a host of everyday products, in a uncovering that may ease compress on the citys bulging landfills.According to the look for made by an environmental scientist at City University of Hong Kong, food waste can be transformed into bioenergy that can be used to generate heat and electricity, and at the same time reduce the volume of food waste destined for landfills by at least 50%. 4 Conclusion While our neighborâ€Koran and Taiwan made an great work in the food waste problem, Hong Kong just started to focus on this kind of problem because of the full- load of landfills by 2018. The collection and recycling strategies applied in recent years may reduce the volume of food waste sent to landfill.But as Hong Kong is one of the largest generation areas of food waste in the world, it is still perplexing whether the recycling rate of food waste can catch up with the present increasing rate of food waste. Therefore, the government should pay more attention on the minimization of food waste and the cooperation with unofficial organization to reduce the generation of food waste in the future. With both the strategies of minimization and reuse/recycling, the food waste prob lems can be solved effectively in Hong Kong.\r\n'