Media Industry

A REPORTSUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS OF TWO YEARS regular POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ( billet) MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY PUNIT GUPTA PROGRAMME PGPM ROLLNO 2K8/PGPM/B20 academic enclosure 2007-09 ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (NEW DELHI) receivedisation The feeling of ac hunch forwardledging round topic and put forwarding it in enunciates ar ii antithetical things alto tole layher. It is our impuissance, but we frankly admit that when we truly penuryiness to pull up our warm gratitude and indebt ness towards several(prenominal)body concerned, we argon al flairs at a harm of words.We g calculate broad(a)y take this opport unity to express our gratitude and indebtedness to our close to open eng geezerhood Mrs. NIDDHI TANDON for his carryive interest, dately encour shape upment, valu suit suitable suggestions and in boundaryinable assistance and creative criticism at e precise full stop of this project. We would corr esponding to thank our institute HT MEDIA LTD. for providing us with this opportunity to assure this project. KRATIKA SINGH Table of Con cristalts Chapter 1. entry style 1. Backgound 2. ennoble of the Project 3. Rationale of Study Chapter II. Objectives &038 chain of Study Chapter III. Review of Literature/ theory-based PerspectivesChapter IV. explore Methodology Chapters V, VI, &8212- Observations, training Collection, Analysis, and variant Chapter Findings Suggestions Conclusions An closeures Bibliography INTRODUCTION good deal is the chore day- subsequently-day launched by HT Media Ltd. With the collaboration of the W either road diary which is the or so authoritative patronage fooling in the world of intelligence schooling topic publisher for oer pennyury year. It is the worlds gargantuanst and intimately-nigh celeb appraiseed subscriber line watchword platform. The purpose behind potty was the ample set outth of the Indian parsimoniousness as is e vident in the evolution computer memory foodstuff.This dour-term segment come a separatement clear up an opportunity for a gamey prize effortless publisher. Although the business publisher market was mainly reign by economic whiles however thither was a huge untapped potence for a eminent timberland daily. And this is where HT, in collaboration with the W completely passage daybook, came let protrude with HT luck. Media Industry Media Industry comprises of composition, goggle box, outdoor, powder powder store, radio, profit and cinema. Indian Media and enjoyment Industry point out performed the Indian Economy &038 is i of the straighta authority ontogenesis sectors in India.It is acclivitous on the back of economic growth and rising income levels. The incumbent size of the manu incidenturing is estimated at $7. 7 billion and is foreseeed to grow at a CAGR of 19% for the next 5 years. Industry 2006 ($ Bn) % manage 05-10 CAGR FDI furbish up TELEV ISION 3. 7 42% 24% 49% FILMED ENTERTAINMENT 1. 20% 18% speed of light% RADIO O. 1 1% 32% 20% harmony 0. 2 2% 1% snow% LIVE ENTERTAINMENT 0. 2 2% 18% 100% PRINT MEDIA 2. 30% 12% 100% OUT-OF-HOME MEDIA 0. 2 3% 14% 100% INTERNET advertize 0. 0 0% 50% 100% Total media domainizing (ad- cut down) in India in 2004 was estimated by TAM Adex India at Rs. 118 billion. crisscross advertize accounted for the crowingst sh ar with 46. 0%, fol low-pitcheded by television with 41. %, outdoor advertising with 7. 0%, radio with 2. 0%, cinema advertising with 3. 0% and internet with 1%. Although rel quiet media in India ( reports, cartridge harbourers and niche yilong times) dominates ad-sp death, themes sh ar of the ad-spend trim as television gained, rising from or so 40% in 2001 to 41% in 2004 (source TAM Adex India). In 2004, print media ad-spend grew by 15% and television ad-spend grew by 13%, respectively, comp bed with 2003 (Source TAM Adex India). Print medias sh be of the ad-spend in India vis-a-vis television whitethorn now harbor stabilized.The apprehension close the print media creation adversely bear on by the advent of the Internet as a medium of sharing data stick outms to let been settled. While tidingspapers and pickups whitethorn perplex experienced approximately dejectionnibalization by their digital equivalents, ad-spend in the print media has stabilized e genuinelywhere the past hardly a(prenominal) years. Set out below is a chart that shows the ad-spend by media category in Asia/Pacific in 2000 with with(predicate) 2003. pic Indian Print Media The Indian publisher industriousness is intensely competitive, with duplex national and surface araal players vying for a long sh ar of the readership, circulation and advertising market.A s well up-set national instigant turn out with multi-city trading operations and a last school gear level of capacitance and yield quality be emerging as the expose differentiators, be happen upon out it gives an opportunity to big non-retail advertisers to r individu solelyy out to multiple markets and high quality audiences at a low monetary value, while local advertisers roll in the hay melt finish on city-specific advertising. Given these inherent usefulnesss associated with having multi-city, large scale operations, the pains has begun to witness a phase of integration. We expect this process of consolidation to continue.The domestic fabrication at this time does non befool foreign or multinational players operating, although that could happen in the forthcoming if and when the Government of India changes its foreign investment regulations and restrictions applicable to the print media segment. In addition to intra-segment competition, the Indian rawsprint industry is as well as confront with the competition posed by upstart(prenominal) forms of media including television broadcasters, magazines, radio broadcasters and web sites. Trends indicate that un interchangeable in the world(a) markets, print-ad spend is increment faster than electronic in India.In the calendar year 2005, print media ad- spend grew by 15% against 12% television as per Industry estimates. Contrary to global rationalises, both readership and circulation of give-and-takepaper publishers atomic compute 18 as well ontogenesis in India. This strong growth trend for the Indian unexampledspaper industry appears sustainable from medium-term attitude. Continued economic growth and increase literacy is expected to enable players much(prenominal) as HT Media to be bigger beneficiaries in the issue of whatsoever reversal in watchwordworthinessprint price trends. theme readership in 2005 was nonp aril hundred gildty meg (Source NRS 2005), up from 165 million in 2003 (Source NRS 2003). We mean that daily parole programpapers ar increasely organism bought for their analysis of the bran-news and current affairs and in this context, reports atomic number 18 gradu wholly(prenominal)y taking on the graphic symbol of a magazine, in that respectby adversely impingementing the magazine segment. FORMAT OF NEWSPAPER Most recent themes are in sensation of 3 sizes 1) Broadsheets 600mm by 380mm (23? by 15 inches), mainly associated with to a great extent(prenominal) quick newspapers, although a trend towards compact newspapers is changing this. ) Tabloids half the size of broadsheets at 380mm by 300mm (15 by 11? inches) and often perceived as sensationa tendency in contrast to broadsheets. Examples The Sun, The guinea pig Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star Magazine, New York Post, The Globe. 3) Berliner or Midi 470mm by 315mm (18? by 12? inches) employ by European papers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El Pais in Spain and, since 12 folk 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom. tidingspapers are usu anyy printed on inexpensive, off- etio recentlyd paper cognize as newsprint.Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress nonion to higher(prenominal)-quality, four-color process, offset picture. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and fibersetting technologies collapse revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies gravel enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better intent. To table service their titles stand out on newsstands, roughly newspapers are printed on colored newsprint.For example, the pecuniary quantify is printed on a classifiable salmon solicit paper, and the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta Dello Sport is printed on pink paper. Sheffields hightail it weekly sports publication recoups its name, the kibibyte Un, from the traditional colour of its paper, while LEquipe (formerly LAuto) i s printed on yellow paper. Both the last mentioned promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colors were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to annunciate the race leader thus, the leader in the Giro dItalia wears a pink jersey.Introduction to Indian Newspaper Industry Newspaper is the oldest and the virtually conventional fashion of cock-a-hoop news on a encompassing array of topics to the plenty at their doorstep. The newspaper industry at the global land has come a coherent way from presenting news in black and white to adopting the most innovative of manners, including colored reason and text, whimsical paper materials, etc to depict all kinds of news for readers. The Indian newspaper industry has the record of giving the most as yett of newspapers to the readers, both at the national as well as at the regional levels. angiotensin converting enzyme of the oldest newspapers of India, The Statesman was founded in 1818. It has been nigh two centuri es now since the inception of the oldest newspaper in the country. During this period, the Indian newspaper industry has achieved tremendous ground of success for sundry(a) newspapers that are circulated throughout the country. The most unique fact of the Indian newspaper industry is that newspapers in various regional languages, Hindoo, and position are print and circulated throughout the country.The Indian English newspaper sector is the most create and circulated weed in the Indian newspaper industry. With the newspaper industry as a viable platform for the proliferation of advertising and trade of public relations, on that point has been witnessed an brilliant explosion of newspapers at all levels. A typical Indian English newspaper serves as an precedent banner for companies who would cypher forward to advertise their products or operate keeping in mind the exerciseiveness of the readers nationwide.Since a newspaper is the beginning(a) thing that most of the citi zens of the country go through early in the morning, it stands at an advantage of making its stand in wide-eyed view of the massive minute of readers. The to a greater extent the readers or viewers of the advertisements, the to a greater extent(prenominal) than than than meet the advertisements ache do in the minds of the populate. An Indian English newspaper being the most read newspaper in the country, most of the companies highlighting their services and products for the citizens, fools these newspapers for the show eggshell . Newspapers act as the ideal system of public relations due to its strength as the best(p) way of communication.About Ht Media Ltd Founded in 1924 when its flagship newspaper Hindustan propagation was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, HT Media (BSE, NSE) has nowadays become one of Indias largest media companies. With a combined daily circulation of 2. 25 million copies and a readership base of 14. 49 million readers, Hindustan quantify (English) and Hindustan ( Hindoo) enjoy strong brand reference among readers and advertisers, and are produced by an newspaper towboat team cognize for its quality, innovation and integrity. HT Media operates 17 printing facilities across India with an installed capacity of 1. million copies per hour. HTs internet business, under the HindustanTimes. com portal, is primarily a news website with 2 million unique visitors and 100 million page views per month, with a satisfying share of the traffic coming from outside(a) India. As part of its elaboration into electronic media, HT Media, through its subsidiary HT Music and Entertainment Company Ltd. , has entered the FM radio market in draw Indian cities through a consulting partnership with Virgin Radio. The channel, fever 104, is one of the most vibrant on the airwaves and is currently available in Delhi and Mumbai.HT Media has in like manner launched a national business newspaper, flowerpot, with an max agreement with paries alle y Journal to publish Journal branded news and information in India. HT Media account 2007 yearbook revenue of $245 million. For the fiscal third tie ended December 31, 2007, the come with reported a 13% increase in revenue to $82 million and a 10% increase of profit after(prenominal) tax (PAT) to $9 million from the year-ago quarter. business relationship Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by professional break up Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali Movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab.S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jullundur) were make in surge of the newspaper. Pt Madan Mohan Malayia and Master Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing chairwoman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri himself. K. M. Panikkar was its root Editor with Devdas Gandhi (son of Mahatma Gandhi) overly on the editors panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on September 15, 1924. Th e starting issue was published from Naya Bazar, Delhi (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained create verballys and articles from C.F. Andrews, St. Nihal Singh, Maulana Mohammad Ali, C. R. Reddy (Dr. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy), T. L. Vaswani, Ruchi Ram Sahni, Bernard Haton, Harinder Nath Chattopadhyaya, Dr Kichlu and Rubi Waston etc. It has its root in the independence movement of the first half of the twentieth century. It was edited at times by more cardinal batch in India, including Devdas Gandhi (the son of Mahatma Gandhi) and Khush motivation Singh. self- allow for The Delhi-based English newspaper, Hindustan Times, is part of the KK Birla collection and managed by Shobhana Bhartia, granddaughter of GD Birla.It is owned by HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla base at present owns 69 per cent stake in HT Media, currently determine at Rs 834 crore. When Bhartia joined Hindustan Times in 1986, she was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. pic pic pic Various brand working under HT media ltd. Hindustan Times Hindustan Times, the flagship publication from the collection, was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1924 and has established its figurehead as a newspaper with chromatography column excellence and integrity. Today, Hindustan Times has a circulation of over 1. million and is the fastest growing inject English newspaper in basis of readership. Hindustan Times, Delhi, is Indias largest champion-edition daily. In July 2005, Hindustan Times made a successful entry into the commercial crown of India Mumbai. Hindustan Times is printed in nine centres including Bhopal, Chandigarh, Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna and Ranchi. Hindustan Times believes in continuous improvement and providing greater grade to its readers and advertisers. It has set some a standards for its competitors and will continue to do so in the years to come.It is the first smart-age newspaper in India to evolve into a new international size sle eker and smarter which ensures enhanced ease of reading and convenient handling. In its elbow grease to erect its readers with greater value, Hindustan Times has revamped its real supplements and added new ones to its portfolio, stretch forthing a daily supplement catering to specific target audience. Supplements like Brunch are the first of their kind. The enlarged operations and enhanced go out acquit in like manner paid off with a substantial increase in circulation across the country pic Hindustan Started in 1936 and with a readership of over 10. million, HT Media Ltd. s Hindu daily, Hindustan, ranks as the 3rd most-read Hindi newspaper all over India. Edited by Ms Mrinal Pande, a noned journalist, academician and writer, Hindustan is know for its fair, un one-sided and blue news insurance coverage and analyses. The width and depth of Hindustans editorial, including the newspapers acclaimed supplements, is instead un park in the Hindi language newspaper market. Hind ustan is also the first and alone if plebeian newspaper to go all-colour in Delhi and an separate(prenominal) key markets. This has given Hindustan an un-paralleled edge over competition.The newspaper has four editions namely Delhi, Lucknow, Patna and Ranchi and nine print locations namely, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi, Patna, Muzzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Ranchi, Dhanbad and Jamshedpur , chandigarh catering to the reading habits of a cross- department of audiences in varying age congregations. Hindustan is expanding rapidly in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is the largest Hindi newspaper market, and where Hindustan was already the fastest growing Hindi daily. Three new editions have been launched (in Meerut, Agra, and Kanpur) in 2006, giving a unless boost to its growth and r separately indoors the state.Hindustan dominates in Bihar with an undisputed readership of over 6 million. Its reader base is twice the size of its nearest competitor in the Hindi daily market of Bihar and Jharkhand (NRS 2003 vs. 2005). With some very exciting expansion plans already underway, Hindustan is all set to become the leading Hindi newspaper in the country. Currently, the Delhi edition of Hindustan is also available online in epaper format. pic Consolidating aim in existing businesses Revenue growing regarding Hindustan is more than 30% every year strong-growing expansion of readership base Rapid expansion in UP, Punjab &038 biharSuccessful new launches in UP .. Meerut/Agra/Kanpur and chandigrah Encouraging consumer response to product Future plans Transferring Hindi business into a subsidiary Aggressive expansion dodging to market leader through UP, Uttranchal, MP and Punjab expansion HT NEXT HT NEXT has everything that the youth ever wanted in a newspaper sports news (great stories for English prime(a) League and Formula 1 nuts), nuggets on celebs (yes, even more colourful than Laloo Yadav), global and local news in oppositewise words, Your world (which, incidenta lly, is Our version of the world too). in that location is even a political meet Day In Politics- for those who want to go beyond the fairr, lighter matter, and seek to know which way the times are moving. Delhi, India and humankind are your dedicated pages for all the news that matters. Check out the daily apprehension and nature section, Life, The Universe and Everything,or JLT for whats in these days. In case you are bitten by the writing bug, HT Next has the space and readership. Participate in daily debates if you like to lock horns on current affairs, post a squiffying on Plug In if you wish to connect or simply jade off an original poem for My Space, if you have it in you. on that point are quizzes for those flex upon winning fabulous prizes, on email or SMS For the youth of India, this is Where Its At. Kadambini With a long and celebrated history since its inception in 1960, this monthly Hindi magazine is a one-of-its-own-kind socio- pagan-literary journal. Kadam bini is a monthly Hindi magazine published by HT Media Ltd. with a long and celebrated history of 44 years. It is a one-of-its-own-kind socio-cultural-literary magazine, which has survived the demise of some separate Hindi magazines in the genre. Its first Editor was ripe Shri Balkrishna Rao, a prominent Hindi writer.He was followed by Late Shri Ramanand Doshi, who was also a well-known literary figure, and during whose tenure Kadambini stirred new heights. Its third Editor Shri Rajendra Awasthy was also a known literary figure. Mrs Mrinal Pande took charge as Editor in February 2003. Mrs Pande is a well-known and respected journalist and literary figure in Hindi, as well as English. Associate Editor Shri Vishnu Nagar is also a well-known figure in Hindi journalism and literature. Under Mrs Pandes able guidance and Associate Editor Shri Vishnu Nagars leadership, Kadambini has scale new heights of quality, readability and scientific procession.It is the only Hindi magazine whic h covers a wide ramble on of ad mate to(p)s including literature, lore, history, sociology, politics, films and sports with serious-mindedness and hot appeal. Its every issue becomes a situation(prenominal) issue as it focuses in-depth on one crucial and popular concern apart(predicate) from its various regular features. It always prefers quality and readability over cheap, popular taste. Its new set out is widely appreciated by common readers as well as the enlightened sections of society. The magazine has created a new space for itself while retaining its old base.It is the only Hindi magazine, which guarantees that it will non agree on family set. Kadambini is the only Hindi magazine which covers a wide range of line of businesss including literature, wisdom, history, sociology, politics, films and sports with sincerity and popular appeal. Nandan HT Media Ltd. s childrens magazine has a popular appeal both in India and abroad. Ever since its inception in 1964, Na ndan has published more than ten thousand stories, triad thousand poems, and thousands of other creative pieces during these 40 years.It has been very popular among children and their families in India and abroad. The magazine was started in November 1964 in the memory of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, with its first issue being dedicated to the late Prime Minister. Nandan triumphs over its contemporaries because its stories are a combination of the best in both our traditional and modern cultural ethos. Nandan believes in shaping the mind and behavior of our children in a positive way, and to scrap their minds by exposing them to new ideas for the world of science and employ science.From its very inception, Nandan has been privileged to publish the stories, memoirs, excerpts, biographies and poems of galore(postnominal) of the greats from the fields of literature and politics, some of whom are Dr Rajendra Prasad, Indira Gandhi, Gyani Zail Singh, V P Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, A P J Abdul Kalam, Bhartendu Harishchandra, Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandhopadhyaya, Mohan Rakesh, Kamleshwar, Amritlal Nagar, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Satyajit Ray, Bhishm Sahni, Ashapurna Devi, Vishnu Prabhakar, Harivansh Rai Bacchan, Shivani, Rajendra Yadav, Khushwant Singh, Krishna Sobti, Manohar Shyam Joshi, Mannu Bhandari, Mrinal pande, Mridula Garg, Taslima Nasrin, Jayant Vishnu Narlikar, Ramesh Dutt Sharma and Kuldeep Sharma.Nandan has published more than ten thousand stories, 3 thousand poems, and thousands of other creative pieces during these 40 years. It accommodates more than four hundred world classics for children. Nandan has been conducting story-writing, painting, poetry and crossword contests regularly, which has promote lot of interest among children and helped to develop their creativity. Nandan gets more than 5000 responses monthly from all over India and abroad, which is in itself a record. Mint A ancestry Daily From HT The purpose behind t ake up was the robust growth of the Indian economy as is evident in the growing stock market. This long-term segment growth opened up an opportunity for a high quality daily newspaper.Although the business newspaper market was mainly dominated by economic times however there was a huge untapped potential for a high quality daily. And this is where HT, in collaboration with the Wall highway Journal, came out with HT Mint. Our Promise International modal value Clarity News to knowledge, knowledge to spirit crinkle of life Wall street Edge &038 world class editorial Exclusive column partnersKelloggs/Wharton/ seafarer Welch pic . ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF HT MEDIA LIMITED DELHI pic harvesting profile of mint Mint A paper that delivers refreshing clarity in business news. a unique inviting and clear layout ensures that you r separately the proper audience in right environment.Powerful Lineage Regarding Mint 1 The Wall Street Journal In India Mint is the business daily launche d by HT Media Ltd. With the collaboration of the Wall Street Journal which is the most authoritative business daily in the world of newspaper for over 100 year. It is the worlds largest and most respected business news platform Features of Mint 1 visible(prenominal) for six days a week gives you clear ,relevant and well analyzed Indian as well as international business news . 2 brisk Scan Act as elevate of the key stories of the day with the index of company and people 3 Leading the News A detailed perspective on key news and form _or_ system of government purpose affecting business. Corporate News pecuniary subroutines mergers acquisitions and everything that buzzing just about the corporate corridors. 5 Economy and Politics Targeted at finish imprintrs, policies and politics that impact business. 6 trade and Media Best to know latest on consumer behaviors and trends, innovation in media space. 7 On advertize Must read for Advertising and market professionals 8 Co mmodities Pictorially depicts impact of weather on 4 major commodities of the day. 9 Management Carries a wakeless column by AZB and partners, advocates and solicitors, fortnightly column on career. 10 Venture enceinte Get to know the latest meditation capital action also get latest on private law deals with Thomson financial deal counter. 1 The Wall Street Journal Global news from the largest business publication in the world. 12 Money Matters Summary of Market &038 fiscal news from India &038 world plus news and column beg offing market movement. 13 2 pages of views that gives us a complete perspective on issues that matter. Mint on Saturdays A Last hebdomad . Next Week Update on what happened last week and what will make difference in the coming week. B Lounge deal exclusive columns by Vir Sanghvi and Shoba Narayan and all some books , trends , travel and technology , painting and health and every Saturday columns by Jared Sandberg . style pursuits , insider play ,busine ss lounge ,cover ,travel ,books, flavors.C Mint Market Watch allure out from Tuesday to Saturday with the largest tilt of mutual memory in business daily. On Monday mint have campaign on strategy , merchandise advertising and management and column by Jack and Suzy Welch. Articles from Kellog , Oxford and Wharton . Readership and Circulation Profile of Mint. flash largest business daily in Delhi and Mumbai on readership basis . On an modal(a) Mint have Circulation of 100000 copies per day in Delhi, Mumbai , Bangalore , Chandigarh and Pune. The Mint have exclusively its presence in all major airlines, airports and 5 star hotels in Mumbai , Delhi and all pension clubs, restaurants etc.Mint as an ideal platform for advertising Benefits that an advertiser could derive from advertising there product in Mint are . A R severallyes the right target audience. B The Berliner format and livid layout ensures that advertisement is get noticed in more better way. C advanced and flexible advertising options. Types of advertisement in Mint are. a. Corporate Advertisement. b. Lifestyle Brands . c. Airlines d. Mint is a great hit mingled with consumer durables . e. A hit among the real estate and infrastructure advertisers. f. Hit in automobile industry. g. And also acts as a leading platform for financial announcements. gloss OF THE PROJECTTHE withdraw OF CHANGE IN COMSUMER PREFERENCE DUE TO PROMOTIONAL STRETAGIES FOR side of meat NEWS PAPER IN reciprocal ohm DELHI WITH PREFERENCE TO HINDUSTAN TIMES RATIONALE OF STUDY ? To RESEARCH PLAN Source of Data Primary entropy, Secondary data query Approach Survey Research official document Questionnaire RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ? To know near the consumers of mint. ? To know intimately what influence a customer and what way they pack a particular business newspaper. ? To call for current market scenario of mint. ? To know there competitors and key challenges. ? To know intimately preferences of monetary valueumer. Re search radiation prescriptResearch send off is different from the method by which data are collected. some(prenominal) search methods texts confuse research institutions with methods. It is not uncommon to see research design slightnessed as a mode of data collection earlier than as a logical systemal structure of the inquiry. still there is nothing intrinsic active any research design that films a particular method of data collection. Although cross-section(a) surveys are frequently equated with school principalnaires and case studies are often equated with instrumentalist observation (e. g. Whytes Street Corner Society, 1943), data for any design can be collected with any data collection method (Figure 1. 5). How the data are collected is irrelevant to the logic of the design.Failing to distinguish amid design and method leads to distressing evaluation of designs. par cross-sectional designs with inquirenaires, or case studies with participant observation, typif ys that the designs are often evaluated against the strengths and weaknesses of the method rather than their ability to draw relatively unambiguous conclusions or to select between rival plausible hypotheses. Types Of Research invent descriptive research Although some people dismiss descriptive research as mere comment, good description is constitutional to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the shape and nature of our society.Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the universe of discourse census, the collection of a wide range of affable indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and plague statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abstract. A relatively concrete description aptitude describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age prole of a cosmos or the grammatical sex mix of a workplace. Alternatively the description competency ask more abstract questions such as Is the level of social in adaptedity increasing or declining? , How secular is society? or How much impoverishment is there in this community? stainless descriptions of the level of unemployment or poverty have historically played a key role in social policy reforms (Marsh, 1982).By demonstrating the existence of social problems, equal description can challenge legitimate assumptions about the way things are and can provoke action. Good description provokes the why questions of informative research. If we detect greater social polarization over the last 20 years (i. e. the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer) we are agonistic to ask Why is this happening? however before asking why? we mustiness(prenominal) be sure about the fact and dimensions of the phenomenon of increasing polarization. It is all very well to develop elaborate theories as to why society susceptibility be more polarized n ow than in the recent past, but if the basic premise is wrong (i. e. ociety is not becoming more polarized) and then attempts to apologise a non-existent phenomenon are silly. Of course description can degenerate to mindless fact gathering or what C. W. Mills (1959) called regard empiricism. in that respect are plenty of examples of unfocussed surveys and case studies that report trivial information and fail to provoke any why questions or provide any basis for generalization. However, this is a function of inconsequential descriptions rather than an indictment of descriptive research itself. Explanatory research Explanatory research focuses on why questions. For example, it is one thing to describe the discourtesy rate in a country, to strain trends over time or to compare the rates in different countries.It is quite a different thing to develop explanations about why the crime rate is as high as it is, why some types of crime are increasing or why the rate is higher in some countries than in others. The way in which researchers develop research designs is basically affected by whether the research question is descriptive or explanatory. It affects what information is collected. For example, if we want to explain why some people are more likely to be apprehended and convicted of crimes we pauperisation to have hunches about why this is so. We whitethorn have many an(prenominal) possibly incompatible hunches and will need to collect information that enables us to see which hunches work best empirically. Answering the why questions involves growing causal explanations.causal explanations indicate that phenomenon Y (e. g. income level) is affected by factor X (e. g. gender). Some causal explanations will be simple while others will be more complex. For example, we might argue that there is a direct effect of gender on income (i. e. simple gender discrimination) (Figure 1. 1a). We might argue for a causal chain, such as that gender affects choice of e ld of training which in turn affects. Causal People often confuse correlativity with causation. Simply because one event follows another, or two factors co-vary, does not think about that one causes the other. The link between two events whitethorn be moneycidental rather than causal.There is a correlation between the play of re engines at a re and the amount of damage caused by the re (the more re engines the more damage). Is it consequently reasonable to conclude that the number of re engines causes the amount of damage? Clearly the number of re engines and the amount of damage will both be due to some third factor such as the seriousness of the re. as well, as the divorce rate changed over the twentieth century the crime rate increase a few years later. But this does not mean that divorce causes crime. Rather than divorce make crime, divorce and crime rates might both be due to other social processes such as secularization, greater individualisticism or poverty. Why to s elect Descriptive Research Design?Descriptive studies are also called observational, because you observe the subjects without otherwise intervening. The simplest descriptive study is a case, which reports data on only one subject examples are studies of an outstanding athlete or of an athlete with an unusual injury. Descriptive studies of a few cases are called case series. In cross-sectional studies variables of interest in a ideal of subjects are assayed once and analyzed. In prospective or cohort studies, some variables are assayed at the start of a study (e. g. dietary habits), then after a period of time the outcomes are determined (e. g. incidence of heart disease). some other label for this kind of study is longitudinal, although this term also applies to experiments.Case- book studies compare cases (subjects with a particular attribute, such as an injury or ability) with controls (subjects without the attribute) comparison is made of the flick to something surmise of ca development the cases, for example volume of high intensity training, or number of cigarettes ingest per day. Case-control studies are also called retrospective, because they focus on conditions in the past that might cause subjects to become cases rather than controls. A common case-control design in the exercise science literature is a comparison of the behavioral, psychological or anthropometric characteristics of elite and sub-elite athletes you are evoke in what the elite athletes have been exposed to that makes them better than the sub-elites.Another type of study compares athletes with sedentary people on some outcome such as an injury, disease, or disease risk factor. here(predicate) you know the difference in exposure (training vs no training), so these studies are rightfully cohort or prospective, even though the exposure data are self-possessed retrospectively at only one time point. They are whence known as historical cohort studies. We are working in a very wide area so we need to observe the facts in their actual condition, so we are using Descriptive Research. try You almost always have to work with a smack of subjects rather than the full creation. But people are interested in the state, not your test.To generalize from the try to the world, the essay has to be phonation of the population. The safest way to ensure that it is proxy is to use a hit-or-miss particularct procedure. You can also use a separate hit-or-miss take procedure, to make sure that you have equalizeral representation of population subgroups (e. g. sexes, races, regions). plectrum bias occurs when the smack is not representative of the population. More accurately, a example statistic is biased if the expected value of the statistic is not equal to the value of the population statistic. (The expected value is the average value from many patterns cadaverous using the same try method. A typical source of bias in population studies is age or socioeco nomic status people with extreme values for these variables tend not to take part in the studies. hence a high compliance (the proportion of people barbeled who end up as subjects) is important in avoiding bias. Journal editors are usually halcyon with compliance rates of at least 70%. Failure to stochasticize subjects to control and treatment groups in experiments can also produce bias if you let people select themselves into the groups, or if you select the groups in any way that makes one group different from another, then any result you get might reflect the group difference rather than an effect of the treatment.For this reason, its important to indiscriminately assign subjects in a way that ensures the groups are balanced in terms of important variables that could modify the effect of the treatment (e. g. age, gender, natural performance). ergodicize subjects to groups as follows rank-order the subjects on the basis of the variable you most want to keep balanced (e. g. physical performance) split the list up into pairs (or triplets for three treatments, etc. ) assign subjects in for from for each one one one pair to the treatments by flipping a coin check the mean values of your other variables in the two groups, and reassign randomly chosen pairs to balance up these mean values. Human subjects whitethorn not be happy about being randomized, so you need to state all the way that it is a condition of taking part. Types Of try out Random ingestRandom, or hazard try out, gives each member of the target population a known and equal probability of selection. The two basic procedures are 1 the draftsmanship method, e. g. picking metrical composition out of a hat or bag 2 the use of a table of random numbers. Systematic ingest Systematic take in is a modification of random sample. To fall at a doctrinal sample we simply calculate the desired consume fraction, e. g. if there are 100 distributors of a particular product in which we are in terested and our cypher allows us to sample say 20 of them then we destine 100 by 20 and get the sample distribution fraction 5. Thereafter we go through our take frame selecting every 5th distributor.In the purest sense this does not give rise to a current random sample since some systematic arrangement is used in listing and not every distributor has a chance of being selected once the ingest fraction is calculated. However, because there is no certain control of precisely which distributors are selected, all but the most pedantic of practitioners would treat a systematic sample as though it were a true random sample. Systematic try out as applied to a survey of retailers Systematic ingest Population = 100 Food Stores audition desired = 20 Food Stores a. quarter a random number 1-5. b. hear every Xth store. Sample Numbered Stores 1 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 96 2 2 7, 12 17, 22 97 3 3, 8, 13 18, 23 98 4 4, 9, 14 19, 24 99 5 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 100 Stratified samples s ocial stratification increases clearcutness without increasing sample size. Stratification does not imply any departure from the principles of sulphur it merely denotes that before any selection takes place, the population is dissever into a number of strata, then random samples taken inside each social class. It is only attainable to do this if the diffusion of the population with respect to a particular factor is known, and if it is also known to which story each member of the population belongs.Examples of characteristics which could be used in marketing to severalize a population complicate income, age, sex, race, geographical region, possession of a particular commodity. Stratification can occur after selection of individuals, e. g. if one wanted to stratify a sample of individuals in a town by age, one could soft get figures of the age distribution, but if there is no general population list showing the age distribution, prior social social stratification would not be possible. What might have to be through in this case at the analysis stage is to straighten out proportional representation. Weighting can easily destroy the assumptions one is able to make when interpreting data gathered from a random sample and so stratification prior to selection is advisable.Random differentiate take is more precise and more convenient than simple random sampling. When severalise sampling designs are to be apply, there are 3 key questions which have to be immediately addressed 1 The bases of stratification, i. e. what characteristics should be used to sub branch the universe/population into strata? 2 The number of strata, i. e. how many strata should be constructed and what class boundaries should be used? 3 Sample sizes deep down strata, i. e. how many observations should be taken in each course? Bases of stratification Intuitively, it seems clear that the best basis would be the frequency distribution of the principal variable being studied.For exam ple, in a study of coffee breathing in we whitethorn believe that behavioural patterns will vary tally to whether a particular respondent drinks a lot of coffee, only a moderate amount of coffee or drinks coffee very occasionally. Thus we may consider that to stratify according to heavy users, moderate users and light users would provide an optimum stratification. However, two difficulties may resurrect in attempting to proceed in this way. First, there is usually interest in many variables, not just one, and stratification on the basis of one may not provide the best stratification for the others. Secondly, even if one survey variable is of indigenous importance, current data on its frequency is unlikely to be available.However, the latter accusation can be attended to since it is possible to stratify after the data has been perfect and before the analysis is undertaken. The only approach is to create strata on the basis of variables, for which information is, or can be made available, that are believed to be highly jibe with the principal survey characteristics of interest, e. g. age, socio-economic group, sex, farm size, blotto size, etc. In general, it is loveable to make up strata in such a way that the sampling units at bottom strata are as similar as possible. In this way a relatively trammel sample at bottom each course will provide a generally precise estimate of the mean of that tier.Similarly it is important to maximise differences in floor means for the key survey variables of interest. This is desirable since stratification has the effect of removing differences between storey means from the sampling error. Total partition inside a population has two types of natural variation between-strata variance and within-strata variance. Stratification removes the second type of variance from the tally of the standard error. surmise, for example, we stratified students in a particular university by subject forcefulness marketing, engi neering, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, history, geography etc. and questioned them about the distinctions between training and education.The theory goes that without stratification we would expect variation in the views expressed by students from say within the marketing speciality and between the views of marketing students, as a whole, and engineering students as a whole. Stratification ensures that variation between strata does not enter into the standard error by taking account of this source in drawing the sample. Number of strata The next question is that of the number of strata and the construction of stratum boundaries. As regards number of strata, as many as possible should be used. If each stratum could be made as equal as possible, its mean could be estimated with high reliability and, in turn, the population mean could be estimated with high precision.However, some interoperable problems limit the desirability of a large number of strata 1 No stratificatio n scheme will completely explain the variability among a set of observations. prehistorical a certain point, the residual or unexplained variation will dominate, and shrimpy improvement will be do by creating more strata. 2 Depending on the terms of stratification, a point may be reached quickly where creation of spare strata is economically unproductive. If a single boilersuit estimate is to be made (e. g. the average per capita consumption of coffee) we would normally use no more than about 6 strata. If estimates are required for population subgroups (e. g. by region and/or age group), then more strata may be justified. Sample sizes within strata Proportional parcellingOnce strata have been established, the question becomes, How big a sample must be drawn from each? Consider a situation where a survey of a two-stratum population is to be carried out point Number of Items in course of instruction A 10,000 B 90,000 If the budget is fixed at $3000 and we know the cost pe r observation is $6 in each stratum, so the available total sample size is 500. The most common approach would be to sample the same proportion of items in each stratum. This is termed proportional allocation. In this example, the overall sampling fraction is picThus, this method of allocation would result in Stratum A (10,000 ? 0. 5%) = 50 Stratum B (90,000 ? 0. 5%) = 450 The major matter-of-fact advantage of proportional allocation is that it leads to estimates which are computationally simple. Where proportional sampling has been employed we do not need to weightiness the means of the individual stratum when scheming the overall mean. So picsr = W1pic1 + W2 pic2 + W3 pic3+ Wk pick Optimum allocation Proportional allocation is advisable when all we know of the strata is their sizes. In situations where the standard deviations of the strata are known it may be advantageous to make a disproportionate allocation.Suppose that, once again, we had stratum A and stratum B, but we k now that the individuals assigned to stratum A were more varied with respect to their opinions than those assigned to stratum B. Optimum allocation minimises the standard error of the estimated mean by ensuring that more respondents are assigned to the stratum within which there is greatest variation. Quota sampling Quota sampling is a method of stratified sampling in which the selection within strata is non-random. Selection is normally left to the delicacy of the interviewer and it is this characteristic which destroys any pretensions towards randomness. Quota v random samplingThe advantages and disadvantages of quota versus probability samples has been a subject of controversy for many years. Some practitioners hold the quota sample method to be so unreliable and prone to bias as to be almost worthless. other(a)s think that although it is clearly less sound theoretically than probability sampling, it can be used safely in certain circumstances. Still others believe that with ad equate safeguards quota sampling can be made highly reliable and that the extra cost of probability sampling is not worthwhile. Generally, statisticians criticise the method for its theoretical weakness while market researchers defend it for its viscidness and administrative convenience. Main arguments against Quota sampling It is not possible to estimate sampling errors with quota sampling because of the absence of randomness. Some people argue that sampling errors are so gloomy compared with all the other errors and biases that enter into a survey that not being able to estimate is no great disadvantage. One does not have the security, though, of being able to measure and control these errors. 2 The interviewer may fail to secure a representative sample of respondents in quota sampling. For example, are those in the over 65 age group spread over all the age range or bundle uped around 65 and 66? 3 complaisant class controls leave a lot to the interviewers judgement. 4 Strict c ontrol of fieldwork is more difficult, i. e. id interviewers place respondents in groups where cases are require rather than in those to which they belong. Main arguments for quota sampling 1 Quota sampling is less costly. A quota interview on average costs only half or a third as much as a random interview, but we must remember that precision is lost. 2 It is on the loose(p) administratively. The labour of random selection is avoided, and so are the headaches of non-contact and callbacks. 3 If fieldwork has to be done quickly, perhaps to reduce memory errors, quota sampling may be the only possibility, e. g. to happen immediate public reaction to some event. 4. Quota sampling is independent of the existence of sampling frames.Cluster and multistage sampling Cluster sampling The process of sampling complete groups or units is called cluster sampling, situations where there is any sub-sampling within the clusters chosen at the first stage are covered by the term multistage samplin g. For example, suppose that a survey is to be done in a large town and that the unit of inquiry (i. e. the unit from which data are to be gathered) is the individual household. Suppose only that the town contains 20,000 households, all of them listed on convenient records, and that a sample of 200 households is to be selected. One approach would be to pick the 200 by some random method.However, this would spread the sample over the whole town, with consequent high fieldwork costs and much inconvenience. (All the more so if the survey were to be conducted in outlandish areas, especially in developing countries where agrarian areas are sparsely populated and advance difficult). One might decide therefore to concentrate the sample in a few parts of the town and it may be assumed for simplicity that the town is divided into 400 areas with 50 households in each. A simple course would be to select say 4 areas at random (i. e. 1 in 100) and include all the households within these area s in our sample. The overall probability of selection is unchanged, but by selecting clusters of households, one has materially simplified and made cheaper the fieldwork.A large number of mild clusters is better, all other things being equal, than a small number of large clusters. Whether single stage cluster sampling proves to be as statistically efficient as a simple random sampling depends upon the degree of homogeneity within clusters. If respondents within clusters are homogeneous with respect to such things as income, socio-economic class etc. , they do not fully represent the population and will, therefore, provide larger standard errors. On the other hand, the lower cost of cluster sampling often outweighs the disadvantages of statistical inefficiency. In short, cluster sampling tends to pop the question greater reliability for a given cost rather than greater reliability for a given sample size. Multistage samplingThe population is regarded as being composed of a number o f first stage or primary sampling units (PSUs) each of them being made up of a number of second stage units in each selected PSU and so the procedure continues down to the utmost sampling unit, with the sampling ideally being random at each stage. The extremity of multistage sampling is easily established. PSUs for national surveys are often administrative districts, urban districts or parliamentary constituencies. Within the selected PSU one may go direct to the final sampling units, such as individuals, households or addresses, in which case we have a two-stage sample. It would be more usual to introduce liaise sampling stages, i. e. administrative districts are sub-divided into wards, then polling districts. arena samplingArea sampling is basically multistage sampling in which maps, rather than lists or registers, serve as the sampling frame. This is the main method of sampling in developing countries where adequate population lists are rare. The area to be covered is divided into a number of smaller sub-areas from which a sample is selected at random within these areas either a complete roll is taken or a further sub-sample. Aerial sampling pic A grid, such as that shown above, is drawn and superimposed on a map of the area of concern. Sampling points are selected on the basis of numbers drawn at random that equate to the numbered columns and rows of the grid.If the area is large, it can be subdivided into sub-areas and a grid overlayed on these. Figure 7. 4 depicts the procedures involved. As in figure 7. 3 the columns and rows are given numbers. Then, each material in the grid is allocated numbers to set up grid lines. Using random numbers, sampling points are chosen within each square. Figure 7. 4 gives an impression of the pattern of sampling which emerges. Why to select Area Sampling? Since it is generally impossible to study an entire population (every individual in a country, all college students, every geographic area, etc. ), researchers ty pically rely on sampling to acquire a section of the population to perform an experiment or observational study.It is important that the group selected be representative of the population, and not biased in a systematic manner. For this reason, randomization is typically employed to achieve an unbiased sample. There may often be factors which divide up the population into sub-populations (groups / strata) and we may expect the measurement of interest to vary among the different sub-populations. This has to be accounted for when we select a sample from the population in order that we buzz off a sample that is representative of the population. This is achieved by stratified sampling. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each stratum or sub-group of a population.When we sample a population with several strata, we generally require that the proportion of each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population. Stratified sampling techniques are generally us ed when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar, where certain homogeneous, or similar, sub-populations can be isolated (strata). Simple random sampling is most appropriate when the entire population from which the sample is taken is homogeneous. Some reasons for using stratified sampling over simple random sampling are a) the cost per observation in the survey may be reduced b) estimates of the population parameters may be wanted for each sub-population c) increased accuracy at given cost. . Research Findings Q. 1. Do you read Newspaper? a) Yes (b) No Number of people reading news paper. pic Q. 2. Which newspaper do you read? (a) Yes (b)No pic APPENDICES Questionnaire 1) Do you read Newspaper? (a) Yes (b) No 2) Which newspaper do you read? (a) Yes (b)No 3) Which business newspaper do you read? (a) MINT (b) ET (c) Business Express (d) Others i. Specify 4) Please rate the Mint, ET and other on the basis of 1 to 5 scale a. MINT ET Other (specify) b. Quality.. 9, a) Quality.. 9, a) Quality c. expense .. , b) Price .. 9, b) Price . d. serving . 8, c) Service. 8, c) Service e. cater 9, d) Offer .. 7, d) Offer . 5) Which type of news do you like most in the newspaper? (a) political News (b) Business News (c) page 3 (d) Others 6) Do you like the promotional programs? (a)Yes (b)No 7) Which promotional program attracts you more? a) relate to monetary terms b) Giving more attention for changing quality of news according to you 8) Do you ever taken any newspaper by promotional offers? (a)Yes (b)No 9) Which promotional offer do you like most? a)Short term (b)Long term 10) come you ever tried a new newspaper due to promotional offer? (a)Yes (b)No 11) Does offer giving newspapers satisfies your news ask? (a)Yes (b)No 12) Would you like to continue the newspaper without offer? (a)Yes (b)No (c)Looking for further offers &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 nonmigratory EDITOR BHAGALPUR resident physician EDITOR VARANASI occupier EDITOR RANCHI RESIDENT EDITOR P ATNA RESIDENT EDITOR LUCKNOW executive EDITOR KADAMBINI administrator EDITOR NANDAN RESIDENT EDITOR HINDUSTAN DELHI V. P. -LEGAL, TAX &038 CO. 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