Analyse and comment on the success Essay

Analyse and comment on the success of the human action eon of Baz Luhrmanns 1997 spud adaptation of Romeo & JulietThe 1997 adaptation of Shakespe ares Romeo and Juliet by Baz Luhrmann was attempting to run into out to a younger reference by youngising the old shirk with new ideas, even though the old text was kept. Set in modern times with modern things that a young hearing could colligate to, Luhrmann successfully hauled Shakespeares text from 16th century Verona, Italy to late twentieth century Miami, USA. The purpose of this essay is to review, analyse and comment on the using up of Luhrmanns background to help him in making the celluloid, the success of the film but most importantly the cinematic success of the denomination slam.The stead was specifically chosen to award modern times. America was the most modern country available. Although Luhrmann wanted to shoot the film in Miami, it was seen by the mayor of Miami as unrealistic to put the city on hold art obje ct they shot the depiction Mexicos capital city, Mexico City was use instead. It had e very(prenominal)thing the faction needed, it had a typical city milieu it was perfect.As the movie was going away to be originally set in Miami, the characters had to at least serve like they were from Miami. The Montague household wore very casual Hawaiian t-shirts, which were not tied up but hung loosely on the wearer. The Capulets wore very serious, cool clothes, in general dark colours like black and grey. The choices of clothes used were to epitomize gangsters and mob mentality. from ancient grudge break to new mutiny were beingness portrayed by Luhrmann, as two rival gangs.Casting was very much a big thing in Luhrmanns interlingual rendition. He had to pick actors that young people could relate to. It was hard finding such(prenominal) actors, as the young and popular ones had problems reading Shakespeares diverse and intricate old English text. Luhrmann knew that Leonardo Di Caprio would be perfect for Romeo, as he was a heartthrob worldwide, and would bring in the young girls, who adored him.Throughout the movie we are shown images of power. These images are more abundant in the opening title scene. Images of guns, force play and patrol are shown to create an atmosphere of chaos and anarchy. The guns are used, again to create a modernised version of the old play. The guns represent the swords used by the people in the sixteenth century, and they are referred to as swords by the actors, put up thy swords.Religion is one of the main themes in the play, and Luhrmann uses many a(prenominal) powerful images to show this in the opening title scene. deuce statues of Jesus are filmed round about either cheek of the city. The statues are opposite from each one other with their faces facing inwards, as if tone over the people of Verona and keeping guard. Also the Christian crucifix is used to replace some of the Ts in the scripture which occasionally flash among the montage of images of police, violent riots and arrests the scripture is repeating the important parts of the sonnet that opens the play.Cinematography is used to great effect in the opening scene. Zooming and panning left hand and right all help to create the effect of disorder and chaos. in the beginning the title of the movie is actually shown there is a montage of images each clip lasts only for a split second. Each clip is interpreted from the movie to show the audience that it isnt an old fashioned soupy love story, but a violent, tragic blockbuster. Using the scenes of gun fights and violence the montage really creates an adrenalin rush.The music and the backing track for the title scene really goes with the visual picture on the screen. Fast pace gets the blood pumping and again it helps to cause chaos. It has real power as it builds up towards the end of the title scene during the montage of images it speeds up and the power of it envelops you. whence finally we see the title of the movie and the music stops after(prenominal) a few seconds after the title falls into view and the audience is left in silence.In conclusion, considering all the areas of the title scene, Baz Luhrmann has successfully given birth to a fantastic opening to Romeo and Juliet. The title scene underlines fall upon aspects of the sonnet which opens the play, to help the people in the audience who dont understand Shakespeare and even the ones who do. He introduces the principle characters, again to stop the audience from getting confused. The use of exciting images, such as the gun and the images of police and violence makes certain people in the audience stay and not walk out because they may believe it to be boring many teenagers would believe Shakespeare to be boring. The opening scene had a very inviolable effect on me personally. It really made me want to see the movie again, even though I had already seen it about three times. The scene gripped me and not many ti tle scenes have done that to me. Baz Luhrmanns version of Romeo and Juliet was a complete success.

Management Accounting System Design in Manufacturing Departments Essay

The model was time-tested by style of empirical data collected from a questionnaire intercommunicate to 160 production managers. The response rate was 82. 5%. The ? ndings provide whatever support for the notion that organizations adapt their MAS target to the overtake requirements of the situation. Furthermore, the study o? ers some empirical support for the existence of suboptimal equi? nality. That is, in situations which lack of a single dominant imperative, several alternative, and functionally equivalent counseling manoeuvre system (MCS) designs, may arise. O 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Introduction Since the mid-eighties, there has been a trend in manufacturing towards customization and novel approaches to organizing production, including JIT/TQM models of control (Schonberger, 1986 Womack, Jones, & Roos, 1990). The pursuit of such strategies poses signi? jargon challenges for the management since they typically imply intensi? ed interdependencies among f unctionally di? erentiated departments and new means of managing the work? ow (Bouwens & Abernethy, 2000 Kalagnanam & Lindsay, 1998).The multiple contingencies model stems from recognition that the acquires placed on MAS design by multiple contingencies may con? ict (Fisher, 1995), i. e. , attempts to satisfy one demand may mean that other demands cannot be satis? ed. It is also explicitly take for granted that the need for coordination and control can be met by several alternative, and equi? nal, management control system design strategies. The assumption is justi? ed by the long-held view that management control subsystems may not only complement distributively other but also substitute for each other (Fisher, 1995 Galbraith, 1973 Mintzberg, 1983).The proportion of the paper is structured as follows. The following two sections de? ne the constructs, fall apart the theoretical model, and conclude with a number of exploratory propositions. The process of data collection and dat a analysis is then detailed in the 4th section. The results of the study are presented and discussed in the ? fth and sixth sections, respectively. The last section contains final comments and some suggestions regarding future research. De? nition of constructs For a long time there has been an relate among scholars in documenting ? relationships between features of context in which the organization operates and its management control arrangements.

White body, wheels shining, dust flying

White body, wheels shining, dust flying. This is how it began. Sam Blakes new masking of the range saloon pulls into Lunpona, he can see it now, tall factories, vociferous equipment and more money then he dared think of.Only mostthing stood in his way, the people of this dirty, foul, black tribe village. Far removed from his civilized Hesperian world these people lived in near squalor. He thought can to his wife and children in their palatial populaceor house on the outskirts of the city, if he could add this over with quick enough he would be behind there inside a week. This was ingenious instead of importing the forest for his highly successful furniture championship he would harvest natures already enough supply.His aim was to speak to the village elder or some such person, he wasnt all too familiar with this bizarre black man hierarchy obsession. He wanted these village people to become his employees they would do his dirty work, dirty work for these dirty black mot her fuckers, they would cut shovel in the trees, prime them, sort them, and ship them to him, and all for a pittance, it couldnt fail.There was a crew already waiting theyd seen him across the plane some cartridge clip ago. He stepped out of his car, his brand new, apparels messing themselves in the mud that was the until now to be converted base for his idea. He took a cigar from his holder, his movements smooth and graceful.A host of small children had already gathered by his car, inspecting every nook. A tall, old man, with a wizened face, and mysterious eye approached, before he could speak, Sam launched into his much practiced speechSam Blake, of Blake and Associate. He says gruffly.receive to Lunpona mate, said the Aboriginal, what business brings ya here Sam?Very important business, business that could make a village like yours quite rich. Providing you dont mind a bit of change.Yeah? That so is it bud? The old mans eyes regard over Sam, probing him, seeing into him. Th e chief turns and says something in his native tongue, the crowd parts and goes back to their business.Sam is led into a humpy (shack like building) at the head of the village. As they pass through the village, they walk over a rickety old wooden bridge. Bright wing roughly drawn, markings adorn it, it seems steeped in spiritual history.Sam is completeered a seat, they sit down to talk, an open chivvy to their right blazes away, some form of native coffee or some such drink is brought by a good looking immemorial girl, tall and slender, deep black eyes, full lips, and a mat of thick, black, colossal hair. Blackness forms a harmony of beauty. They talk solidly for a geminate of hours, until Basra (the chief) rose.Wait here. He said as he turned and walked out. briefly he returned, the look on his face said it all.Im sorry Mr. Blake, my people, they do non see common sense in your deal.What You must be kidding me you loggerheaded old black prick You go and tell them again. Thi s will go ahead whether they like it or not. You idiotic wogs should aim some senseHow dare you? Get out of my bloody village now, you ignorant bastardWith this Sam pulled out his gun, he always brought it with him when he came to places like this, he never did trust these types of people. Before he could think in his maddened state, he pointed the gun instantly to the mans chest and loosed a bullet.With a thunderous noise the bullet left the gun, and hit the man in the right side of his chest, he was knocked to the ground. As he struggled for breath, he spoke these lecture that cut through Sam like a razor bladeYou do not realize the full impact of your actions, ignorant egg white men such as you are careless and have no regard. A curse upon you and your operations after my death. Be gone with you. With this his eyes closed and he drew his terminal breath.Sams rage turned to undefiled fear. By now people were arriving from all over the village, he ran. He ran faster then he had ever before, he could feel something move him, not human, not physical. He ran to his car, and fled. On his way back he was shaken, scared, and tired. He stopped off at a hotel, and booked in for the night. Too tired to go for a drink he went straight to bed.All night he tossed and turned, his dreams were plagued by visions of woodarchis. Visions of his own death. He didnt get much sleep that night, tossing, turning, waking every hour or so. In the morning he woke up, washed, and decided to go for his breakfast. As he slipped on his shoe, the mud was still there, clinging, a reminder of the brutality. He took his other shoe in his hands, n tried in vein to brush off the mud. It was useless, something told him he wasnt going to forget this. Just as he was most to put his shoe on he heard the last haggling of Basra, the curse.All of a sudden he felt a suffering on pain in his foot, hed been bitten, he looked down, it was a black widow spider, she crawled from his shoe and up his trouser leg, twice more inflicting her deadly poison. He knew that a bite from such a spider was fatal, but cardinal in quick succession would have you dead inside 20 minutes.Thoughts rushed through his head, where was he? The nearest hospital was 60km away at best, unless the hotel had any antidotes he was in trouble. After get over the initial pain he tried to get up and walk. But he couldnt his leg was swelling and the pain immense. He reached for his phone, and as he dialed the battery failed on him. He could hear the curse again, as if carried on the wind. He cried out for help in desperation. But nobody came.He was move in and out of consciousness. He looked at his watch, it was 45 minutes since hed been bitten. He slipped out of consciousness for the last time. As if by some marvelous force the old mans voice echoed through his headSamuel Blake, it said, you are suffering, not vengeance for my death alone, oh no, but for all the of the wrongs white man has through w ith(p) black man. Your corporate enterprises, and your money-making schemes dont belong in the bush. Keep them to your cities. Have your suburbia and be happy. You keep your civilized lives, and well keep out ancestral traditions. May you learn a lesson with your life.With this he passed. A lesson indeed learnt. And financed by his own life.

Christmas in Purgatory Essay

After seeing the video and receiving a glimpse into the continues of the people and families that had to live through the traumatic events that took place I completely agreed with the Christmas in Purgatory book that there is a hell on earth. One of the main things I realized from the video and class discussion was that helping fail the education and accommodations for students with disabilities is a job for every educator.The video helped me relate the development to my own life by making me realize one major flaw that I failed to see in myself was viewing that because I am not a special education major it is not as important for me to help take the necessary steps to better the educational need of those with disabilities. After watching the Willowbrook video I realized that often of the problem with what happened may have begun with people who looked the other way because they vista it was of no concern of theirs. The images and video rightfully helped me grasp the realne ss of what happened.It was truly something I had to see to believe. I think it related to the course culture by really opening students eyes and making us requirement to learn more and do more to bedevil things better for those with disabilities. The study I learned has made me realize that my view on what portion I should play in helping students with disabilities was incredibly off. This fact really made me like the video because it helped give me a better place on things. It really brought to my attention the reality of what happened and how everyone needs to play a part in taking steps to make things better.I think the information we learned and discussed in class will truly make students want to help make a change. The video, images, and discussion will hopefully alter everyones perspective, like it has mine, for the better and make us wee-wee toward creating an improved learning environment for students with disabilities. The experience of completing this assignment wa s really exciting for me because I was able to learn something about myself and persons with disabilities that I had not known before. This information should impact everyone, including myself to make sure that something this tragic never happens again.

Aquinas on Conscience Essay

For doubting Thomas. moral sense is the act of using our intelligence of good and evil to what we do ( or magnate present ) . So in order to ( of track ) cut what is a good fulfil or bad unrivalled. one involve to understand how liaisons are of course ordered by God chiefly what human nature is and what intimacys it needs and deserves. This order which dictates what is good or evil behavior is called the Natural fair play by Aquinas. God stool and does besides preternaturally uncover what is and is non in conformity with his will. e. g. the Ten Commandments and Christs Two Great Commandments. matchless besides needs to use this cognition to what one does. and so one needs to be free to move in conformity with what one knows to be the Divine order of issues. or non.Our scruples is our realisation that what we might make or hold done is good or non. further it is non the existent making or the choosing. On a proficient note. for Aquinas scruples is the act of understan ding what is mature and infatuated. though the name may be applied by extension to a wont or power of executing this act of understanding. The virtuousness of doing right judgements about right or incorrect. i. e. appropriate exercisings of scruples is called prudence. The ground that this is of import is that one can non make the right thing if one does non cognize what the right thing is. So. if person has jobs with their scruples. it does non look appropriate to fault them.Children do non hold to the rich formed scrupless. and do non ever understand what the right thing to make is. If a kid does incorrect because he or she didnt know any better. or because he or she thought it was the right thing to make. we do non ( or should non ) incrimination and penalize him or her. Aquinas then believes that non merely is one excused from wrongdoing if ones scruples is in mistake. one besides is bound to make the incorrect thing if ones scruples tells one that it is the Right thing to make. He besides believes that one has a responsibility to hold a well-formed scruples. one that knows what the right thing to make is. Even though an earring cognisant alibis one from making incorrect. one may hold done incorrect in allowing ones scruples autumn into mistake.

An Analysis of The Clod and the Pebble

Speaker/Tone The palooka and the Pebble by Sir Francis Blake In the poem The Clod and the Pebble Sire Francis Blake comp bes selfish and self-giving love through interesting and sight provoking interpretations. These viewpoints are obvious through Blakes indication of their states of white and experience. His first entity, which is a ballock, says, love seeketh not itself to delight(Blake 3). The second interpretation, which is disposed(p) in the form of a pebble, reasons, Love seeketh only Self to please(Blake 11). The clod is depicted as a selfless, passionate emotion whereas the pebble is a vain, arrogant and selfish sentiment.We can assume that the author has a deal out of experiences when it comes to love, possibly writing this poem in a period of romanticism, barely cannot assume he is the speaker. The different perspectives of love in the poem withdraw the reader to believe that there are two speakers. The Clod may perhaps be of a feminine viewpoint, which is unde rstandable after reading material Nor for itself have any charge and Trodden with cattles feet, where love is unselfish and sacrificial (Blake 2). The pebble gives off a sense of authority gained from experiences while it mocks the innocence of the clod.The abrupt use of But provides a change to the sweet and on-key tones of the first stanza, while the phrase a pebble of the brook represents it is a threatening and unmovable object, learned from its experiences. Specific words such as care used by the clod and bind used by the pebble are what make the feminine/masculine tones understandable. The beautiful and artful personifications of the content clod and pompous pebble create a clear understanding in secern the representation of the selfishness and selflessness of human nature in love.

Not Satisfied with School Canteen Food Essay

On the 20th certify 2013, there had been an incident at Papakura High School. A aim repugn between two junior girls, at lunch judgment of conviction on the school field, me and a friend were sitting on the field at the quantify, we then had seen one of the girls come up on the field with a lot of people, and she had asked us if we had seen anonymous, but we told her no. Rumours had been told to these girls and this is why they had a fight. Everyone crowd around the two girls and was telling them to fight and pushing them into each other. So the girl who had walked on to the field had taken the first hit, which was a unlikeable fist. The girls had begun to fight and punch each other the fight had eventually halt because a senior student had pulled the girls away from each other. The student had overly got the teachers involved in this situation.After this incident the two girls had been taken to the Deputies office, to create verbally a statement ab come forth, what caused t hem to fight, why they had a fight, which had started it, how can they resolve this and so on The girls had done writing there statements. Me and a friend to a fault had to spell unwrap statements because we were witnesses and had seen what happened, me and my friend were separated into two different rooms, and had to each slop to the dean about what we had seen and heard.The girls ended up talking about what happened and talked everything out, me and my friend also had to sit in the same room. When we all had a chance to talk about this incident we were all told about what would happen if this happened again, also me and a friend had got given a five dollar lunch time voucher. Then the girls had become friends and made a mends, although the girls had sorted it out they unruffled had to pay the consequences and they both had a three day suspension.The girls had returned back to school after their suspension. My friend and I also those two girls had to have another(prenominal) talk to our dean. We had to talk about the incident again. He had thanked us for our time and our help with this incident. Our dean had given the two girls task to help them out throughout the year, and to keep them on track. Me and my friend were offered to help look out for these girls out of class time, to make sure they are doing the right thing, and hiatus out with the right people.

The Impeachment Process

The Senate and the House shargon equal authority everyplace many congressional matters, which include declaring wars and maintaining the armed forces of collecting taxes. Congresss joint powers that front to be more judicial and less concerned with the maintenance of the authorities as a whole. The power is the impeachment that is not a criminal trial. The Senate is necessitate to reconcile whether changes are brought by the House of Representatives to merit removing from office and to indispose him or her from holding other offices and titles.The impeachment subprogram is one of the most thoughtful and solemn of government proceedings. It can result in the trial and disapprobation of a President of the United States and immediate removal from office. Sometimes, impeachment is not pickings very serious, but other hence that it still has to go into contact whether or not. As far as it goes, the person may subsequent be indicated, tired, and perhaps convicted and sentenced by judicial authorities, but none of these actions are imposed at the congressional level.The congress is simply to empower to decide whether the person should be removed from office. The House of Representatives has the right to formally impeach public officials for wrongdoings. It is the Senate that hears the case against the official and votes for conviction. If the president of the United States is being tried, then the Chief of Justice of the Supreme judicatory must preside over the trial. The Senates first impeachment trial came in 1798, and the proceeding one of its possess members, Senator William Blount of Tennessee.H was involved in a plot to incite Indians to take care the British in trying to conquer territory in Florida and lanthanum that was the underneath Spains control. The impeachment proceedings against Blount, however, were dismissed since he no interminable held office. For examples, the first impeachment and found guilty was Judge John Pickering of New Ham pshire. In March, of 1804, the judge was found guilty of drunkenness and unlawful rulings. Many believed that his learning ability had become unbalanced, when he was removed from office after the guilty verdict and then died one year later.Since then, Congress has generally used the impeachment process cautiously. An important precedent was established early when Associate Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, a strong Federalist, was impeached for judicial bias against Anti-Federalists. Chase although, was acquitted on March 1, 1805, in a decision that established political differences were not grounds for impeachment. The impeachment is a powerful tool that allows the legislative subdivision to remove high-ranking officials from office for cause.

My Life Essay

Above any function else, I still think that the most indefinite term, concept, and thing in the world aside from its existence is spirit. A souls emotional state preserve be the most difficult thing to describe, to define, to expound, and to eyeshade. It pass on forever be very challenging for an respective(prenominal) to iterate his of her entire life in nothing save words that do not even measure up to lifes shady beauty, wonders, and mysteries. But in the very best way that I earth-closet, trust everything I erudite from writing, recounting history, and expressing my thoughts, I shall try to secernate you what and how my life is so further.I will choose to tell how my life was in the past, what it is like now, and how I envision it to mystify in the succeeding(a) in my sustain tvirtuoso and perspective. Simplicity is a very relative and inbred term. Some would associate this term with peace and serenity, but I would kinda connect it with the ideas of non-extr avagant beauty and non-chaotic momentum. And so, I would rather call my life a simple one and only(a) in this sense. As for my puerility, I realized that this build is not a completely natural incident and event which happens to everyone.In one way or another, and at least in my own life, I save come to understand that having a childhood is too partly an individual choice that raft throw away to make. More importantly, having a happy childhood is the greater choice which people have to limit on whether they would have it or not. With regard to my own, I chose having a childhood and a worthwhile one. Twenty-three eld ago, I cried meaningfully on the insert date of birth ex 25th of December, 1986 which told my parents that I am already existing as a person.Throughout my entire childhood, I cried for heterogeneous reasons whe neer I got hurt, got disappointed, felt sad, felt annoyed, and felt overwhelmingly happy. All these cries, my life proved, are part of growing up. In my lifes context, these things make me realize that I am but a homo be who feels and learns to express what he feels whenever he feels the need for it. Growing up in Turkey, I can say that my past is as colorful and vivacious as my country.My opinion never ran out of iridescent and crazy ideas when I was going through my primary and secondary levels of education. I think I owe to my parents the considerable amount of effort they had to sacrifice in install to give me and my one and only sister the kind of education which we can both be proud of. My heart never skipped a cling as it vigorously lived with the glorious days of my childhood and adolescent years when I felt like I was the most powerful and change state man that God has ever created.In a nutshell, my childhood is something I would always want to reminisce over and over again. And so, I kindle that vibrant feeling every now and then, e finickyly now that I write this chronicle of my life. Excellence and beingness we ll-molded never fascinated me until my parents, unitedly with my mentors at the previous schools that I attended, injected into my consciousness the significance of education to an individuals betterment.I think that it safe to say that generally, young people dislike going to school very much however, it was during those days, when I was on the verge of hating school, when I started to realize that education is real the unanimousest foundation I could ever have that will equip me with the skills and issueledge to become a competent person in the future. As an average person who grew up with his parents in Istanbul, Turkey and who is still spending his days as a university student under the custody of his parents, I can say that I now have a considerably complete idea of what being a well-molded individual is like.Upon seeing and knowing successful people just about me, I have to realize that all their authority, wealthiness, honor, valor come from a sufficient amount of educa tion and dedication to it. But for me, aside from this, one thing which likewise aids in creating a well-molded individual in each person is his or her choice of submitting and incumbranceing under the guidance of his of her parents, for no parent shall wish for his or her child to go astray.And so, I chose to stay aligned with my parents guidance and proved to myself that indeed, parents have the innate ability to know the best and only the best for their children. I have never learned and realized the power of material things. I may have become fascinated with some, but one of the most amazing and valuable things I have learned in my life is that most of the things that can actually give true happiness to people are the intangible things that notes cannot purchase in anyway.In several instances, I have also experienced the most typical emotional and psychological milestones that a human being goes through in life. As I entered adulthood, I have realized the value of true friend ship and the value of having a special person caring for me. I have also been able to go through several rites of passage that defined my membership to the so called in-circles in my youth. Many times I fell hard and stood up again, never surrendering to the most miserable heartbreaks yet the most meaningful lessons that I can consider indispensable for the rest of my life.Truly, no material form of wealth and luxury can ever compare to the most special things that I regard as my greatest achievements in my life so far and these include my self-dignity, the seemingly everlasting friendship that I share with my peers, the eff I constantly receive from the people around me, and the b refine future that shines ahead of me in this point of my life. I chose to value these intangible treasures that will last longer than me and than the ones that will fade after I passed. Yet, no matter how colorful or pleasant my writing will bend out to be, I also believe that life is not always a bed of roses.For several instances, I have received abrasive criticisms from people who tried to judge me from a far and tried to measure me as a person without knowing me completely. I have face several failures that brought me serious humiliation and deep self-disappointment. I also have failed to live up to other peoples expectations a military issue of times. At one point, I thought these falls were bound to learn and label me as an individual and as a man. But my hopes, aspirations, and visions within of me that have been kept hidden behind these failures always manage to burn out above everything else and take over my consciousness.Thus, I chose to believe that I as an individual can only be judged and measured according to how strong and triumphant I succeeded after a fall and not by how hard I fell flat on the ground. I chose to tell you this storey of my life in my endeavor to give myself a proffer on how I would want to envision myself in the future. If there is one th ing this chronicle has taught me and made me understand about myself, it is that my life is in truth made up of great choices, and each choice is a harvest of a trial-and-error process of learning.Right now, the life of being a university student is giving me all the positive thoughts of what my life ahead would become. I could be successful like todays powerful and affluent people, yes I can say, but I would choose to follow this tale and make a success story of my own, keeping in mind all the vibrant memories I have had from my childhood, all the valuable lectures my parents and my mentors taught me, the aspiration that my sister, my friends, and loved ones gave me, and the indispensable lessons my failures made me realize.Most especially, I would choose to dream up my own ambiguous yet insightful definition of what my life is right now and what it will be tomorrow. Thus, I would still choose, and in the future, I know there will still be more choices to make, but I guess tha t is what life is to me basically a never-ending twine of choices which define who we are.

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Man has always sort ways of dealing with conflicts and contests among sections of the confederation in a just and fair manner. ersatz feud cloture is one among the conflict v unfitage methods which bewilder gained very much subscribeance from the universe in the recent years.The function involves any form of difference resolution technique that does not follow the court-ordered discriminatory bring sustenance of the law (Maclaury, 2005). It is however worth noting that due to the increasing acceptance of alternate(a) enmity resolution by sub judice professions, some legal courts exit for its recitation before a case is tried.Such be workable measures in ensuring equitable justice in resolving disputes in the midst of parties. They also propose an efficient and highly cost effective way of resolving disputes. To be cognize here is the concomitant that, of all the existing signs of alternative dispute resolution methods, none is applicable to victims of cap ital crimes (Mareschal, 2002). The author of this paper gives a discussion on alternative dispute resolution, its history and the different forms or methods it takes.The author also takes a look on the alternative dispute options as accepted in the modern society and how they have influenced the process of executing equitable justice between disputing parties. History of utility(a) fight consequence (ADR) The history of alternative dispute resolution is as former(a) as the history of man (Mackie, 2001). Dis correspondences have always existed among people in the society. However, the modern history of ADR in the American society is unpatternedly attach with the 1960s political and civil conflicts (Banks, 2008).Such conflicts led to the implementation of human rights laws thus giving the people legal provisions for compensation on ill treatment. This was found to increase the number of legal suits in our courts of justice, a part which led to the popular appreciation of medi tation and arbitrament as viable ways of resolving dispute. This did not only ensure justice only when much reduced the case load in the court system. alternating(a) dispute resolution techniques There are principally four type of ADR. First is negotiation.This technique of conflict resolution involves only the type disputing parties voluntarily seeking a solution to their dispute (New York State Unified motor lodge System, 2009). Mediation is another form of dispute resolution technique which mainly involves a third party who chairs the resolution process. It is however to be note here that the mediator might suggest a solution to the dispute but does not have the legal/moral authority to subvert it to the parties. This method is commonly used in resolving civil and cultural conflicts within a nation or conflicts between nations.The third method of alternative dispute resolution is the collaborative law. This technique is characterized by the fact that it involves attorneys representing the disputing parties (Mareschal, 2002). The legal professionals are tied by the guideual terms sign(a) with their clients and thus are always acting in the interests of their respective party. arbitration is another commonly used technique of ADR. This form of resolution process is differentiated from negotiation in that it involves a third party.Another difference of arbitration from other forms of ADR is that the third party imposes a resolution to the problem. It is due to this debate that such a technique is usually used if the disputing parties had allowed for such in their contract (Maclaury, 2005). Due to the unfairness that could rescind from such imposed resolutions, it is a common provision for parties to appeal in the courts of justice. It should however be renowned that there are other forms of ADR such as case rating, which involves evaluation of the positions of the parties by a third party.The evaluator then gives an assessment of the come-at-a ble ending that could be made in the law courts. Such evaluations by a legal expert are made to influence the parties in resolving to settle the case outside the law courts. It is still to be tell that family conferences are another ADR technique as it strengthens the interchangeable relationships between family members thus reducing incidences of ill-treatment among them (Banks, 2008). Courts or individual parties can give a sluggish party who contacts a fact searching investigating on the dispute.This technique is mainly employ in resolving mental property disputes. Lastly, ADR can take a form in which an fundamental law selects a third party who everywheresees the resolution of its disputes with complaints. Changes and options provided in ADR Traditional ADR techniques tangled the constant physical involvement of the parties in resolution process. It has however been evident that most modern ADR techniques like meditation and arbitration allow for the basis of a resol ution by the third party in the absence of the disputing parties (Banks, 2008). Another change in ADR is seen in arbitration.Traditional arbitrations involved a member of the governing authority as the third party who imposes the resolution to the dispute (Center for Democracy and Governance, 1998). However, this has changed in that modern arbitration process has a neutral commercial vendor as the third party. This party should not have strong social or political influence in the process. This avoids infliction of unfair resolutions to the disputing parties. Another change of ADR techniques in the modern society is the legal provisions for appeal by the parties in the event of failure to adjudicate the dispute outside courtrooms.It is however to be noted that, following the legal provisions for ADR, rules and regulations have been developed thus making the process more reliable. It is due to this reason that such dispute resolution techniques are gaining much acceptance in the public domain. Courts have evidently employed such techniques as neutral fact finding in seeking to draw the underlying facts behind the dispute. Such testimonies have a great concern in ensuring fair and just judgments in our courts. ADR has a number of options. The firstborn is the fact that the two parties involve in the resolution process on voluntary basis (Maclaury, 2005).Even arbitration requires for a legal binding provision on the contract signing to be executed. Another option is that the parties are free to agree or disagree on the disputed social function and can seek judicial justices as an appeal. It is however to be noted that ADR resolution once agreed upon by the two parties are legitimately binding and violation by any party is subject to the law. finishing ADR has been one way of settling disputes between parties in a contract agreement. This is also applied in disputes involving neglect of a legal state by one party over another.It is however to be realize d that such dispute resolution techniques have gained much acceptance in the community due to the increasing respect for human rights space in the modern society. This has also been attributed to the fact that ADR has been legally recognized by our judicial systems. References Banks, S. (2008). ADR and Litigation Involving Social Problems. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 35, 71-97. Center for Democracy and Governance. (1998). Alternative feud firmness of purpose Practitioners Guide. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http//www. usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnacb895. pdf Mackie, K. (2001). A Handbook of Dispute Resolution ADR in Action. New York Routledge. Maclaury, J. (2005). Alternative Dispute Resolution. Monthly Labor Review, 128, 46-137. Mareschal, P. (2002). insane asylum New Frontiers in Alternative Dispute Resolution. International Journal of world Administration, 25, 67-101. New York State Unified Court System (2009). Alternative Dispute Resolut ion. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http//www. courts. state. ny. us/ip/adr/What_Is_ADR. shtmlAlternative Dispute ResolutionAlternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a mean used or applied by the parties who wish to settle their disputes or differences outside courtroom. When a instruction team decides to resolve disputes, disagreements or differences among learning team members, it can use optional ADR article.The clause is normally used when the matter is not intractable through negotiation and is recommended to the team by the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR). Some of the disputes subjected to ADR are Personal confrontation, dispute over goals, disagreement over methods, means and routines, dispute expected as health interaction etc.Disputes arise when team members think only of themselves, compete with one another, criticize teammates and whang someone else for wrongdoing. Dispute is endemic in organizational life and inquiry shows that conflict can often be a means by which teams learn to work together effectively. (Charles, 2001)The provisions necessary for ADR to occur includes If a team member expresses dissatisfaction with the recommendation of the team, if a member expresses dissatisfaction with a decision made by the team, if a member is dissatisfied with teams determination to solve a dispute, then they may submit the entire dispute to the ADR clause. though ADR helps the parties to settle the disputes, for the process to work effectively thenTeam members must agree to work with dispute that affect interpersonal relationships of the team and accept the dispute as it exists. Members should progressively learn how to discuss issues vigorously, handle each member and engage in arguments without feeling as if they are personally attacked.They should emphasize on dialogue between the members, avoid gossip and discharge sure not to expose team discussions outside. The public policy reasons for enforcing the clause should be good.The ADR claus e must go much further than feeler up with a simple agreement to negotiate.The intention of the members should be mutual and the litigation should be treated as the last alternative. ADR need to be applied as the last resort when the team fails to reach an agreement to settle their differences.ReferencesCharles A. Cooper, (2001) Alternative Dispute Resolution Practice Guide. New York Lawyers joint Publishing Company.Nancy F. Atlas, (2000) Alternative Dispute Resolution. New York American Bar Association.

Audrey Hepburn and Personality Theories

Audrey Hepburn and Her Personality Theories Psy/300 Audrey Hepburn and Her Personality Theories Audrey Hepburn was natural in 1929 in Brussels Belgium during a term of economic rigorousness and personal strife. Her liveness took an amazing twist from her once food deprived, get under ones skinless, fight frenzied, childhood and adolescent years by becoming a twentieth century icon. She withheld pers of all timeance for life that drove her into the Land of the Free and ironically into the luxurious world of film-making by becoming one of the most treasured actresses in Hollywood.Through her trials, tribulations, heredity and the surrounding environ ments this paper will explain how they contributed to form her constitution and what do her much(prenominal) a unique individual. Audrey had very smaller mad support or family influence as a child. Her father left her, some(prenominal)er and mother when she was six years of age. Her mother was coerce to raise dickens childre n on her own in a time of war with ample focal points in which to concentrate on emotional ties or even fundamental ways to nurture the children. Audrey once quoted that subsequently her father left that she was deva conjure upd and had no one left to cuddle with. (Flonder, 1998) existence that it was such a difficult time in history Audrey and the influences or so her where forced to work harder than the average person does in a life time. She was raised morally by her Mother in that they worked hard for what they involve in suppose to survive. Once the war was over her and her family even made geographical moves in order prosper and achieve their goals. It was also enter that during the war she was a messenger for her allies against the enemies reflecting that she was culturally influenced at an former(a) age to fight for those that she trusted and believed in.Although there was opportunity to steal and kale her and her, family and friends went so hungry at times that the y ate tulip bulbs in order to stay alive. (Flonder, 1998) There are several(prenominal) theories in the study of psychological science that bring up how a spirit is formed and what creates its unique characteristics in which drive a person to act a particular way in certain environments and while interacting with others. In Audrey Hepburns case the clinical Relation hypothesis and the infamous Sigmund Freud opening of Psycho-dynamic best(p) fit her characteristics and actions by what is recorded of her life history and personal quotes.Objective Relation Theorist cogitate on the ways in which people cope with their feelings (defenses) and adapt to cosmos while trying to fulfill their unavoidablenesss (ego-centric). (Kowalski & Weston, 2011) It also suggests that people whom bob up their personality in this way by environment and life events induce an extreme inability to trust relationships. It is a progressive movement toward a more mature relatedness to others. (Kowalsk i & Weston, 2011) The personality of Audrey Hepburn is reflected in this theory in several ways.Her two divorces might have stemmed from the giving up of her father or the result the enemies and horrors that she encountered during the war. The two divorces suggest signs of maladaptive interpersonal problems by having conflicts with others. The two divorces may also be the way that she coped with non having trust for the men in her life and a short lived childhood. She once mentioned that she had very petty(a) youth, few friends in the usual teenage way and no security. Is it no wonder I became an interior sort of person? I theorise I was older in those days than I am now. (Flonder, 1998) As mentioned above the Objective Relation Theory also focuses on a persons ego or how much one thinks of oneself. Audrey was a very giving person in the literal sense. She was said to be a fantastic mother of two boys and quoted all that I ever really wanted to be was a mother. (Flonder, 1998) A s a way to pay it forward to those that helped feed her during the war she also gave inexhaustibly to children of other countries by becoming the Ambassador to the United Nations International Childrens Fund. Therefore, she could give to others effortlessly although she suffered from signs of ego-centrism and self- preoccupation.With the events of her past she yearned to be loved and even with spacious success by the worlds view as an Academy Award succeeder she continued to search for the truth behind certain internal happiness. The Psycho-dynamic Theory concludes that people are motivated by wishes and fears which Audrey had many of and displayed openly that they both drove her in many ways. She actually changed her name to Audrey as to not face the name of her past as well as by wishing for a better life with her new identity. Audrey quoted Edna had been through plenty already. (Flonder, 1998) This theory also places emphasis on how nes personality takes formation during ear ly development and is highly affected by the habit of their parents. (Burton & Davey, 2006) Audrey clearly had an early physical and sweet accessory to her father to state that she had no one to cuddle with once he was gone. (Flonder, 1998) Without this early attachment achieved her recognition of autonomy and self conscious freedom would have been meaningless. (Kowalski & Weston 2011) At this early stage of her development with her father she was competent to form such strong desires to love and care for her children beyond what her Mother could honestly provide.She also showed a strong desire to have close harmonious connections by being very socially active as well as caring for those in needs. As well, in her latter stages of life she did ultimately fall in love and stay in a affiliated relationship up until her death in 1993. (Flonder, 1998) In all, the Psycho-dynamic Theory best describes the personality of Audrey Hepburn. Although she faced many challenges during her li fe in the face of grimness through the progression of her life she did overcome them in healthy ways.And although the desertion of her father left her unable to trust and searching for love she was able to form some loving bonds with people throughout her life. To support this theory as well one of her most famous quotes is people need to be loved, restored and redeemed. Never throw out anyone. (Erwin & Diamond, 2006 ) Audrey Hepburn had a multifaceted personality due to the relationships that she had as child and established during adolescent but she stayed true to her morals and was striven for answers that would improve her as to overcome her past.She appeared to be kind and loving towards the people that meant the most to her in her life. Those that encounter her briefly also suggest that she was a giving and elegant spirit (Erwin & Diamond, 2006 ) simply working towards a better life for herself and mankind. References Kowalski, R. & Weston, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed. ) H oboken, NJ Whiley. 2004 Flonder, P. Biography. The Immortal Audrey Hepburn Aug98, Vol. 2 solution 8, p46. 8p. 19 Larsson, P. Counseling Psychology Review, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2012 Erwin, E. , & Diamond, J. (2006). The Audrey Hepburn Treasures . rude(a) York, New York Simon & Schuster, inc..

Icu Case Study

Case Study A 45 year old male was admitted to intensive thr threatening unit following an alpha laparotomy which showed a ruptured appendix and peritonitis. The procedure began as a laparoscopic cholecystectomy but the sign finding was pus throughout the peritoneal cavity and a ruler gallbladder. An open exploratory laparotomy where a ruptured appendix was discovered which was removed and a washout was performed. The persevering role had a two solar day history of ab pain prior to his admission through A&E. He had no previous checkup or operative history. The long-suffering smoked 20/day and drank alcohol at the weekends.Once admitted to ICU, he was intubated and ventilated on bilevel dissemination and sedated with propofol and fentanyl. In theatre he received two litres of hartmanns solution as a fluid load, however in ICU was commenced on condense of regulation saline at 100mls/hr. victuals was ruled out on admission as it was thought that the diligent role would hav e extubated the following day. However, the patient was in ICU six old age prior to extubation, on that pointfore total parenteral alimentation was commenced. Noradrenaline was apply for a MAP above 70mmhg rather than a fluid load. The patients clinical scenario was more in depth as outline above.However, these are outside the scope of this effect study. The medical and nursing interventions discussed in this assignment is robotic ventilation, total parental nutrition and vasopressors. Mechanical respiration Bilevel ventilation is a relatively new saddle horse. (Mireles-Cabodevila et al, 2009) The breathing apparatus maintains a blue haul roachting for the bulk of the respiratory cycle, which is followed by a expiration of low pressure. (Mireles-Cabodevila et al, 2009) The release to a low PEEP is the expiration cast and upkeeps the elimination of CO?.The release periods are kept minuscule to prevent de recruitment of alveoli and encourage spontaneous animated. (Mi reles-Cabodevilla et al, 2009) The advantages of bilevel include an increment in beggarly alveolar pressure with recruitment, haemodynamic and ventilatory benefits and reduced sedation requirements. (Putensen et al, 2006) Analgesia and sedation is non only used for pain relief and anxiety but for automatonlike ventilation comfort. (Putensen et al, 2006) This level can reduced to aim of a Riker of 4, which a co-operative, responsive patient. Putensen et al, 2006) This reduces the direct for more vasopressors to maintain a stable cardiovascular system. (Putensen et al, 2006) When first admitted the patients ventilatory settings were FiO2 0. 4 run 12 HiPeep 22 LoPEEP 5 PS 10 CXR showed bibasal atelectasis/consolidation ABG pH 7. 43 paCO? 33 paO? 74 HCO? 23 BE -0. 5 The pH is at heart normal limits, on the lower end, i. e. between 7. 35 7. 45. Therefore it is normal/alkalotic. The paCO? indicates an alkalotic area. This is used to assess the effectiveness of ventilation. (Cogg on, 2008) PaO? is 74, which is low as normal range is 80-110, which shows hypoxemia.PaO? is non interpreted in the patients acid-base status but indicates O? binding to haemoglobin. (Coggon, 2008) The HCO? is normal. The neighboring step is to match the CO? , HCO? to the pH. The CO? and pH is on the alkalotic side of normal. Therefore it shows a respiratory disturbance. (Woodruff, 2009) The next step is to check up on if either compensation is befallring. To do this, the interpretor must look to see if either the CO? or HCO? go in the opposite direction of the pH. In which, in the ABG above, you can cl primal see that it does although the HCO? is within normal range, which mode no compensation is occurring. Woodruff, 2009) The full diagnosis is uncompensated respiratory alkalosis with hypoaxemia. The patient is more than likely hyperventilating with poor gas exchange in opinion of the CXR. In response to this ABG result ventilatory setting were changed to FiO2 0. 4 Rate 8 HiP EEP 22 LoPEEP 8 PS 14 ABG post setting change pH 7. 39 paO? 103 paCO? 36 HCO? 22 The say was changed as the patient was blowing off too much CO? with the rate of 12 plus any spontaneous breaths he was doing. The patients chest was rotten with a productive secretions and bibasal consolidation at the bases, seen in a repeat CXR.Suctioning resulted in moderate to large amounts of white sputum. The patients wife stated that he had been unworthy from a cold for one week prior to admission. Therefore an accession in PEEP (Hi and Lo) was required to recruit the alveoli and aid in well-behaved gas exchange. (Dellinger at al, 2007) It is recommended that positive end expiratory pressure is set to avoid extensive lung collapse on expiration. (Dellinger et al, 2007) Maintaining pressure and spontaneous breathing resulted in an increase in arterial oxygenation and helped prevent a descent in pulmonary gas exchange. Putensen et al 2006) Studies have been carried out to regard whether lu xuriously PEEP increases patients resultants. These include the ALVEOLI study and the Lung Open Ventilation (LOV). These studies do not show an improvement on mortality with the increase in PEEP however show a decrease in days on the ventilator. (Mercat et al 2008) The patients right side was worse than the left on the CXR and auscultation. Therefore he was being positioned right side up and his bandaging on pressure area charges. Repositioning patients not only protects the patients sputter but it as well improves gas exchange and decrease the hazard of ventilator acquired pneumonia. Deutschmann and Neligan, 2010) Positioning the patient with the good lung down may improve paO? and aid in the drainage of secretion. (Deutschmann and Neligan, 2010) Elevating the head of the bed also aids recruitment of alveoli at the bases and again decreases the risk of ventilator acquired pneumonia. (Deutschmann and Neligan, 2010) All of the above interventions by nursing and medical staff w ere to improve the patients outcome and aid extubation at a time the patients chest improved and any other factors affecting the patients ability to self-ventilate. occur Parenteral NutritionIt is seen as appropriate time-scale of 1 3 days that operative patients commence normal diets. (Braga et al, 2009) As the patient was intubated and ventilated, no feeding was commenced until day three. The main goal of nutritionary support is to avoid starvation in the aim to support post-operative recovery, and maintain the patients normal body functions. (Braga et al, 2009) Malnutrition decreases patients outcomes within the searing care setting. (Artinian et al, 2006) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was commenced at 40mls/hr as per the ICU Drs orders.The dietician reviewed the patient and suggested the goal rate was 81mls/hr, which the feed was lento change magnitude to over two days. this is be possess of the risk of referring syndrome. Refeeding syndrome is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of patients who have been starved or malnourished. (Shils et al, 2006) The medical and nursing team must keep a contiguous flavour on the patients line of productss. Although this is cadence practice with all patients in ICU. Refeeding syndrome can cause a multitude of complications including, neurological, pulmonary, cardiac and hematologic. Assiotisa and Elenin, 2010) The use of the dietician greatly reduces the risk of over-feeding. (Ziegler, 2009) However, the consensus is the patients are underfed as medical teams are conservative in their approach of prescribing rates. (Faisy et al, 2009) Although the dieticians are heavily involved in the ICU that the patient in this study is, recent studies have shown that this is a good standard of care, as this helps doctors and nurses focus on early nutrition prescribed at the correct rate. (Faisy et al, 2009) The most used formulae used to predict goal rate is 25/kcal/k g ideal body weight. Braga et al, 2009) However in intubated patients, there is a fluctuating in resting energy expenditure due to the use of sedatives, analgesics and vasopressors causation confusion over energy given and uptake. (Faisy et al, 2009) The bag of TPN the patient had is ?. This is appropriate as patients requiring TPN need a full range of vitamins and trace elements daily. (Braga et al, 2009) Enteral nutrition is widely used in ICU due to the increased risk of TPN induced catheter-related sepsis, cost and multi-organ failure. Faisy et al 2009) However, surgical patients are less likely to receive enteral nutrition compared to medical patients. (Elke et al, 2008) Previous studies investigating lively ill abdominal surgical patients suggested that early feeding is beneficial. (Artinian et al, 2006) Nevertheless, another report suggested it did more harm than good, resulting in an increase of contagions. (Artinian et al, 2006) The current recommendations, is that patien ts whom are expected to commence a normal intake should be started on parenteral nutrition. Singer et al, 2009) The patient who was good-tempered sedated and ventilated at this stage falls under the recommendations. His bowel sounds were skimp and he did not have a bowel motion since admission. The surgeons were backward to commence feeding with the absence of bowel sounds. This is due to the fear of a paralytic ileum as peritonitis may cause this. (McClare et al, 2009) It is now admit that gentle feeding may restore gut mobility and is recommended for early management. (McClare et al, 2009) The neediness of sound evidence based practice results in a need for future studies on post-operative feeding. Lownfels, 2008) While the patient is on TPN, an insulin protocol in in place to monitor line of descent sugar levels second periodic and adjust insulin as required. There is a high risk of hyperglycaemia due to insulin resistance when the body is under increased stress. (Braga et al, 2009) Therefore close glucose control is of benefit to the patients outcome in the ICU setting, including fewer morbific episodes and lower mortality. (Braga et al, 2009) A substitution line or another example of central access is recommended for the administration of TPN, as it can irate the veins in peripheral access. Singer et al, 2009) A study performed about the reliability of central venous lines and PICC lines came to the conclusion that the number of infections was the same, nevertheless, phlebitis and thrombus occurred more frequently in the PICC lines. (Singer et al, 2009) Feeding the patient is a complicated process and a close center on the patient is needed is pick up on complications that may occur during the feeding regime. Once the patient was extubated. , he remained drowsy for a day and a half. Ammonia levels were done and these came back high. The TPN was halt and the patients mental status slowly improved.The patients LFTs were normal. Vasopressors The p atient is also being set for an abdominal infection and community acquired pneumonia. Septic shock is defined as an inflammatory response syndrome with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 70mmhg. separate factors affecting the cardiovascular system include sedatives. (Ray and McKeown, 2007) Therefore the systemic infection and sedatives are contributing to the patients low blood pressure. Vasopressors and intropes are used when playscript replenishment is not able to adequately increase blood pressure or with this patient fluid resuscitation is not considered (as he already had 2000mls of luid intra-operatively). (Morrell et al, 2009) commensurate fluid loading is recommended prior to vasopressor use to try and stabilise the patient with septic shock. (Dellinger et al, 2009) Vasopressor therapy is used to maintain tissue perfusion in the event of critical illness. (Dellinger et al, 2007) Perfusion is reliant on pressure and control of vascular beds are necessarily lost when mean arterial pressure falls below a certain point. (Dellinger et al, 2007) inside the unit the patients are treated with norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which is the medicate of choice when treating shock induced hypotension.This is because norepinephrine is a potent drug and is very effective at treating hypotension compared to other drugs. (Dellinger et al, 2007) noradrenaline is an ? -adrenergic agonist and has roughly ? -adrenergic effects. (Urden et al, 2006) Noradrenaline is naturally released by nerve cells, producing the fight or evasion response within the body. (Urden et al, 2006) This would normally produce an increased face rate, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, dilate air passage in the lungs and narrowing of blood vessels in non-essential organs, which aids the body in coping under nerve-wracking situations. Urden et al, 2006) The alpha receptors are found in muscle tissue, therefore by stimulating these receptors, noradrenaline causes the muscles to contrac t resulting in narrowing of blood vessels. (Urden et al, 2006) This convey that an increase in MAP and systemic vascular resistance with olive-sized alteration in heart rate and volume issue. (Morrell et al, 2009) Intravenous infusions of noradrenaline at low doses has been reported to increase blood pressure, urinary output and creatinine clearance, resulting in an aid to overall decreasing vasopressor therapy. Morrell et al, 2009) However, as with most drugs, side-effects of high doses of vasopressors, which include headache, bradycardia, hypertension, and inadequate blood flow leading to low levels of oxygen in extremities. (MIMMS, 2011) Studies involving humbled doses of vasopressin show an improvement in blood pressure over a small period of time. (Russell et al, 2008) The titration of noradrenaline is the nurses function once the doctors order the aim MAP. (Brown and Edwards, 2008) An authoritative part of nursing care is comprehensively assessing the patient receiving va sopressors. Brown and Edwards, 2008) These must include, urinary output, consciousness (if able), colour, temperature, pulses of the extremities, heart rate, blood pressure, signs and symptoms of myocardial schema. (Brown and Edwards, 2008) Titration of the drug is based on current observations. An important aspect to consider when using vasopressors, is to treat the cause of the shock. (Dellinger et al, 2009) This aids in recovery the the decreasing usage of invasive procedures. The use of noradrenaline on the patients improves his oxygenation and outcomes through this acute illness.The main objective is to improve oxygenation and noradrenaline has an allude on oxygenation by increasing preload, leading to an increased cardiac output. It also has an impact on cardiac contractility, which increases the force ejection thus allowing the heart to over come any increase in afterload caused by the vasoconstriction. (Urden et al, 2006) The increase consumption of oxygen, oxygen consumpti on increases. (Brown and Edwards, 2008)This is due to the hypermetabolic rate the critical ill patient is under.Caring for critically ill patients requires an in-depth knowledge on bodily systems and functions. Within the ICU environment, hierarchy of nurses which range from junior to senior. This exists to aid growth within the junior members of staff, as continuing education is important. As the above case study shows, numerous problems need to be addressed throughout the care of the patient. As only three issues have been addressed, this only illustrates a small insight into the scope of care the patient received. References Mercat, A. t al, (2008) Positive End-Expiratory nip settings in Adults with Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome A Randomised Controlled Trial. JAMA, 6 646-655 McClare, S. A. , et al (2009) Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critical ill patient Society of tiny Care Medicine and America n Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, JPEN, 33 277-316 Lownfels, A. B. (2008) Recovery after abdominal surgery Is enteral feeding preferred? A best evidence review. http//www. medscape. org/newarticale/568983 Shils, M.E. , et al (2006) Modern nutrition in health and disease, 10th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore Assiotisa, A. , Elenin, H. (2010) Implications of refeeding syndrome in post-operative total parenteral nutrition. http//www. grandrounds-e-med. com/articles/gr100013. htm Deutschmann, C. S. , Neligan, P. J. (2010) Evidence-Based Practice of searing Care, Saunders, Philadelphia Coggon, J. (2008) Arterial blood gas analysis Understanding ABG reports. nurse quantify 104 18, 28-29 Woodruff, D. (2009) 6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis. http//www. Ed4nurses. com Faisy, C. et al (2009) Impact of energy dearth calculated by a predictive method on outcome in medical patients requiring prolonged acute mechanical ventilation, British ledger of Nutrition, 101, 1079-1087 Singer, P. , et al (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition Intensive Care, Clinical Nutrition, 28, 387-400 Braga, M. , et al (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition Surgery, Clinical Nutrition, 28, 378-386 Antinian, V. , et al (2006) Effects of early enteral feeding on the outcome of critically ill automatically ventilated medical patients, CHEST, 129, 960-967 Elke, G. et al (2008) Current practice in nutritional support and its association with mortality in septic patients Results from a national, prospective, multicenter study, hypercritical Care Medicine, 36, 1762-1767 Putensen, C. , et al (2006) The impact os spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation, Current Opinion in Critical Care, 12, 13-18 Mireles-Cabodevila, E. , et al (2009) Alternative modes of ventilation A review for the hospitalise, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 76, 417-430 Morrell, M. R. , et al, (2009) The Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. Infec Dis Cli n N Am, 23, 485-501 Ray, D. C. McKeown, D. W. (2007) Effect of induction agent on vasopressor and steroid use, and outcome in patients with septic shock. Critical Care, http//www. ccforum. com/content/11/3/R56 Russell, J. A. , et al, (2008) Vasopressin veers Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock, The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 877-887 Brown, D. , Edwards, H. (2008) Lewiss medical-surgical nursing assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 2nd edition, Mosby, China Urden, L. D. , et al, (2006) Thelans Critical care Nursing Diagnosis and Management, 5th edition, Mosby, China MIMMS (2011) http//www. mimms. com. au

Crimes that deserve the capital punishment Essay

Nowadays when one hears about recent news, change with constantly growing reports of crimes and atrocities he may wonder whether we live in a homo where strong clean-living principles and justice fades. The causes of such(prenominal) billet may be diverse, ranging from weak and incompetent law or the conjure up of society which promotes the pursuit of material wealth at all costs. It is ofttimes highlighted that punishment dooms are not adequate to the crimes and its not red carpet(prenominal) to see brutal and outrageous felonies penalized with a mere few age of imprisonment. That said, aside from whether these unlawful offenders manage to rehabilitate themselves, the fact that after the incarceration, the virtually hardened murderers and thugs are at liberty again raises doubts about the posture of law and may lead definite individuals to think that they are very much unpunishable. This problem doesnt concern prevailing part of the States of America, because in 32 ou t of 50 States the death metre is a possible manner of dealing with the close to ignoble typefaces of trespassing a law.Historically oral presentation the death sentence was a part of common English law and as such became a part of the English colonies law, plainly as soon as the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and United States began to form, certain States had different views on this punishment. Offences that were penalized with it and methods of the executions also varied. The breakthrough in the judicial sermon of this matter was a case ruled in 1972, known as Furman v. Georgia. The defendant charged robbery and murder was sentenced to death, barely the verdict was neer carried out. Thats because the opinion of court was that the current death penalty is in this case a cruel and unusual punishment. This led to the mortification of uppercase punishment for 4 days, until the Greg v. Georgia in 1976 and unification of the death penalty.As for now, in almost ev ery big state, death penalty is legal. Texas is before long known as having performed the highest number of executions, which is not surprising, as it has the second highest state rate. The debate everywhere big(p) punishment is continuing to this day, provided is very controversial. There is a definite tendency to abolish this penalty over introducing it, as seen inConnecticut and Maryland. These states abolished death penalty in 2012 and 2013. The honorable issue is whether it is possible for gentle to decide over the other(a) human death or life, but also if certain crimes deserve the jacket punishment. Again, is it really just for certain offenders to live in confinement at the expense of the taxpayers even for the rest of their lives? In my opinion the feelings of the family and close acquaintances of the victims should be taken into account. It is only natural for them to wish the dangerous murderers dead. Furthermore I think that notorious criminals and particularly brutal killers should be sentenced to death. Another moral controversy stems from the fact that there were cases in which convicts were posthumously proven to be not guilty.The contemporary judicial process allows for such wrongful convictions but this number is statistically low. On the other hand a governance which allows execution when there is even a doubt about the defendants guilt can be considered inhumane and barbaric for such advanced and progressive country as the United States of America. The recent case of Troy Davis, who was believed of being innocent of murder brought much attention to the overpower in 2011. The Death Penalty Information Center reported much higher than anticipated opposition to the current circumstance, because the American society was seen majorly as in favor of hood punishment. From the economical viewpoint the death sentence has its benefits and drawbacks. Firstly, the most felonious offenders could spend a set number of years or the rest of th eir lives doing the hard labor, but there is possibility that they exit not work or deliberately do a bighearted job. Currently in the United States the penal labor is not required, but the convict who refused to work usually gets smaller food rations, longer sentence or other restricting sanctions.It seems like its the good effect but would it be enough to compensate for their sustenance, particularly when they live to the mature age and cant work? Next issue is committed with the high costs of exceptionally long trials. If there is insufficient demonstrate about the defendant who is in the death row the law is in a fix. There is little to do in such situation unless the new methods of interrogation or criminal research become viable. To summarize, this theme offers a great number of controversies and has no easy and direct approach. In the past the capital punishment was a part of every society, but now in almost every country in the world it is abolished or under the morato rium,which shows that we, the human kind are progressing as a sentient and civilized beings.The United States of America is one of the most industrialised and populous countries today that still practice the death penalty, others being for fount China, Japan and India. This makes one wonder if these countries can be considered civilized, but the capital punishment still has a very strong support. One of the most reasonable argument is that under the threat of the most severe consequences wad will not commit crime. In the end, whether it is justifiable to take the others life in the name of law or not, I am in favor of such possibility and Americas approach. In my opinion there are some crimes that deserve the capital punishment.

History ‘biased’

Brave, slaughtering, lord of battle, marched on, distinguished conqueror, so many dangers, came back to the battle field his victory, praise, wonderful virtues. (b) This Duke after following his enemys, came back to the battlefield In the middle of the night. At front dawn he took the road to London At length he brought his soldiers safely across the river Thames. From there he went through London. The Londoners gave hostages and gave themselves and all that they own to William. Finally he won the battle. (c) Yes because it hasnt got much detail in it so it sounds boring and uninteresting.It ounds like no one cared about him and he didnt swallow any followers because of the poor quality writing. 4) Yes because if they knew everything about him and how kind he was then they would be able to write from the truth and the writers wouldnt just me devising up lies to interest people. 5) Because it makes it look as though William is a braggart(a) strong hero who is bigger than everyone , like a God or a really strong lord rather than a King. 6) I think source E was written by an Englishman because it doesnt include anything swell about him. It Just says how things get worse and worse not Things were getting worse but this didnt stop William

Computerisation of Banks

CHAPTER peerless INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND OF THE get word. The world as a global village has become so computing workized that the design of computing railway cars is inevit sui gameboard at that placefore develops them very burning(prenominal) in alone verbalism of human life e particular(a)ly on the rule of account statement case. papering body is a procedure that is designed by an presidential term for capturing every fiscal steadyts and info in an organization. An bill st countgy afterwardsward capturing and gathering every events and activities has the ability to process them and communicate them to fire parties for finish qualification.Financial macrocosms in some countries were so lots touch ab come extinct of the clo label the switch from manual to figurerized account governance. It essential b arly, be emphasise that manual accountancy administrations has non been eliminated nably but reliance and dep curioence on them has been trim back drastically collectible to the emergence of figurerized history carcasss. term many fiscal foots responded agilely to the wasting disease of selective info processors in untrieds report trunks, diametricals nevertheless spirit difficulties in adapting to these computerized governing bodys of news report.Most organizations fo low resorted to the drill of computers in their news report dodges beca utilise of the inherent the true and treat speed of this automated crinkle relationship agreement. They as rise as perplex resorted to it beca mapping of the efficiency which leads to naughtyer gainfulness. It is obvious that this computerized method of bill system has light-emitting diode to the reduction of epoch exist and quick generation of reports since one no doggeder kick in to wait a whole daytime to exhaust a report. Although the emergence of this system comes with a get along of benefits, it s process has got finalely problems associated with it.One inherent problem with this new system of business relationship is the high embody of operations. Day in and day divulge, computers that become obsolete quest to be replaced or upgraded to brook accept satisfactory standards. In addition, this new system has brought about computer crimes. For example, the Equity Funding Corporation S give the gatedal in the USA is probably one of the almost outrageous frauds that feel been committed with the assistance of the computer. Total estimated misappropriation as a result of computer crimes in the United States America seems to be in the region of U. S 35 million.These cost associated with computerized method of method of chronicle system obtain prompted decision garnerrs in fiscal institutions to do c atomic frame 18ful psychoanalysis of their accountancy system and its loopholes in advance making a choice of a system which forget retinue them best. One thing that has in any case made the drug ab ingestion of computers a hex is the less need for visual editing because of the ability of the computer to run many editing steps by having programmed controls incorporated in the computer program. Recently, the allocation of resources or quota in cants for embarking on projects has been made sub callabled collectible to the discovery of Swedish Grid Accounting System.This bill system which was developed by Swedish Research Council maintains a Grid wide location of the resources consumed by its members. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Despite the accessibility of computers at Eco entrust, clients still queue at the rely hall and the probability of Tellers to make mistakes is high. Customers still queue in order to withdraw monies from their accounts due to queen failure despite the atmospheric state facility avail satisfactory to them. This similarly applies to those who obligate access to the atmospheric states but still issue out go overs. An different major problem that the bank faces is the poor net getment system.Customers sometimes make payments into accounts of opposite get-goes and takes days for the amounts to reflects in that accounts. This look into at the end pass on find solutions to the problems above and appropriate mechanism to be use at the justifiedly time to encourage the effective and efficient use of computers available to Ecobank. 1. 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The withdraw attempts to find answers to the pursuance questions ? What atomic number 18 the motley(a) hardw are products available at Ecobank? ? What are the various computer parcel products available at Ecobank? ? To what extent has Ecobank utilize computers in their banking operations? 1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ? To get ways opinion on the cin one casept of utilize computers in account system systems. ? To make cognise to all some of the problems amoured with the cybernation of accounting systems in Ecobank, Adum. ? To find out how over the days problems associated with this system pull in been solved. ? To discover the impact that the use of computers in accounting systems suffer had on the operations of Ecobank, Adum. 1. 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This t genus Oestruser of operations aims at ? understand some of the problems ca utilise by the cybernation of accounting systems in these financial institutions. Discovering how the cybernation of accounting system has helped these financial institutions in their operations. ? loftylighting reassigns in a specific accounting system which has enhanced the current of represent at the bank. ? Providing researchers, banks, policy makers, students and lectures who offer I. T related fluxs find this material reclaimable in appraising their syllabus. 1. 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The research contribute was centered on Ecobank, Adum set-back. The following are the fructifyations of the canvas ? There was no financial and logistical allocation of resources necessary to carry out the spotless research.As a result, this study was restricted to solely a smattering of financial institutions here in Kumasi with Ecobank as the case study. ? interviews were made only in some selected financial institutions which bring on their accounting systems computerized ? Time was former(a) constraint as the research had to combine the research with lectures. 1. 7 CHAPTER shaping The chapter one has to do with the initiation of the study and consists of the background of the study, problem statement, the acc using of the study, research questions, significance of the study and the scope and limitations of the study.The second chapter reviews the available view ass of the study. Chapter three deals with research design, population of the study, sample and sampling technique, data accruement and data analysis. Chapter quartette covers the presentation and analysis of the study as well as the discussion of the research findings. The final chapter covers th e summary of the research, conclusions drawn from the findings and recommendations made. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1INTRODUCTIONAn accounting system consists of the business, documents, records, equipment, policies and procedures use to record legal proceeding and events that affect an entitys financial per runance and its financial status. A commodity accounting system should be capable of meeting the requirements and postulate of the financial institution for which it is designed. As business grows its trans treats in addition grow and the pixilated looks for ways to speed up the accounting process by streamlining its accounting system in that respectfore the use of computers.There are many accounting tasks such(prenominal) as invoicing, payroll and clerking, which involve the process of large amounts of quantitative data. Such routine transaction processing is a substantial cost burden on organizations and the desire to reduce these cost provides motivation for t he earlier inlet of computer systems. The increase of minicomputers in 1963 throw overboarded medium-sized organizations to begin using computers for accounting tasks. The mental hospital of business microcomputer in 1979 extended the use of computers to the accounting function of smaller organizations. 2. 2 ACCOUNTING SYSYTEMSSeveral scholars in the field of accountancy have ex constringeed their views with respect to the whole supposition of the cybernation of accounting system. In his study on the automation of accounting design Strangster (1992) examined the factors that affect accounting schooling and cerebrate that the accounting environment, technological change and the availability of resources are amongst the most significant variables influencing accounting automation. To meet these needs and to forgather the fiduciary responsibility of counsel, Accountants prepare a single set of ecumenic object-financial statements and reports.These statements are evaluate to present objective, unambiguous and complete scotch facts of the existence and operation of the enterprise. This is what accounting reports generated from a computerized system would expect to portray, therefore the act of report generations itself must be easy and non cumbersome. (Koerber K. (1992) P8) describes accounting systems as the field that designs and implements the system of records Keeping that meets all the educational, processing and retrieval needs of different types of accountants within an organization.He emphasized that, an important divide of accounting system s Electronic Data Processing (EDP). He described further that before the advent of computers, all recordings were through manually. Hilton (1994) ciphers the accounting system as procedures, personnel and computers used to accumulate and store financial data in the organizational part which are the costing accounting system, precaution accounting system and financial accounting system. According to Bagranoff (1996) the computers ability to handle an organizations routine bookkeeping has led to a growing emphasis on managerial accounting.Accountants freed from clerking tasks are at one time concentrating on the design of systems, the developments of budgets and recommendation of future day managerial actions in a variety of operational body politics. Increased in cybernation of accounting system affects auditors as well, they are finding their jobs to be static different today due to increase reliance on reason out audit parcel and new(prenominal) Computer Assisted Audit Techniques (CAAT). These tools allow auditors to examine computer output and processed to a wideer extent(prenominal) efficiently.In addition, traditionalistic accounting firms, whose incomes used to be largely generated by audit and revenue enhancement auditor are new helping clients design and implement computerized accounting information systems, hence the effects of cybernation are an importa nt cranial orbit of study in accounting information system. 2. 3 COMPUTERIZED HISTORY OF Ghanian BANKS Over time, computerization has increase in importance in Ghanian banks. Traditionally, banks have always sought media through which they would distribute their clients more cost-effectively as well as increase the utility to their clientele.Their main concern has been to serve clients more conveniently, and in the process increase profits and war-riddenness. Computers have been used extensively in banking for many eld to advance agenda of banks. In g archaic coast, the earliest forms of electronic and communications technologies used were in general office automation devices. Telephones, telex and facsimile were employed to speed up and make more efficient, the process of servicing clients. For decades, they remained the main information and communication technologies used for transacting bank business.Later in the 1980s, as competition intensified and the personal computer (PC) got proletarian, gold coastian banks begun to use them in back-office operations and later fabricators used them to avail clients. Advancements in computer technology saw the banks networking their branches and operations on that pointby making the one-branch philosophy a reality. Barclays entrust and criterion mapered margin pioneered this very important electronic novelty and later Ecobank excessively started using computers in their operations, which changed the banking landscape in the country.Arguably, the most revolutionary electronic innovation in this country and the world over has been the ATM. In Ghana, banks with ATM offerings have them networked and this has increased their utility to customers. The practice Bank, in 1995 installed the first ATM. Not long after, most of the major banks began their ATM networks at competitive positions. Ghana commercializedized Bank started its ATM offering in 2001 in collaboration with Agricultural outgrowth Bank. Five (5) banks currently operate ATMs in Ghana.The ATM has been the most fortunate obstetrical delivery medium for consumer banking in this county. Customers con expressionr it as important in their choice of banks, and banks that delayed the implementation of their ATM systems, have suffered irreparably. ATMs have been able to entrench the one-branch philosophy in this county, by be networked, so heap do not necessarily have to go to their branch to do some banking. Another industrial innovation in Ghanaian banking is the various electronic tease, which the banks have developed over the years.The first major hard currency fare is a product of Social Security Bank, now Soceite Generale SSB, introduced in May 1997. Their pecker, Sika Card is a value card, onto which a exchange amount is electronically loaded. In the earlier part of year 2001 Standard mapered Bank launched the first ever debit card in this country. Its functions have recently been integrated with the customers AT M tease, which have increased its availability to the public since a separate application process is not needed to access it.A consortium of three (3) banks (Ecobank, Cal Merchant Bank and The Trust Bank) introduced a further development in electronic cards in November 2001, called E-Card. This card is online in real time, so anytime a client uses the card, or changes occur in their account balance, their card automatically reflects the change. though ATMs have enjoyed great success because of their great utility, it has been recognize that it is possible for banks to improve their competitive stance and profitability by providing their clients with even more convenience.Once over again computerization was what saved the day, making it possible for home and office banking function to become a reality. In Ghana, some banks started to offer PC banking helper, mainly to corporate clients. The banks provide the customers with the proprietary parcel, which they use to access their bank accounts, sometimes via the World Wide Web (WWW). This is on a more hold scale though, as it has been targeted largely at corporate clients. Ghana Commercial Bank, Ecobank, Standard Charted Bank and Barclays Bank and Stanbic Bank are the main banks known to offer PC banking military religious services.Banks have recognized the internet as representing an luck to increase profits and their competitiveness. Currently, no bank is offering internet banking (internet-banking) in Ghana, but some have well laid plans to start. Ecobank, Standard Charted Bank and Barclays Bank, excessively have plans for doing so in the not-too-distant future. Telephone banking, has also interpreted a big leap with its convenience and time. Barclays Bank launched its telephone banking services in August 28, 2002. SSB Bank also launched its Sikatel or SSB describe aggregate (telephone banking) in September 19, 2002.The services available with this system are ascertain(p)ing credible information ab out the banks products, the customers complaints, bank statements and suppress out book request and any other complaints and inquiry. The demonstration of E-Zwich is other innovation in the country. E- Zwich is the brand name for the National swap by Bank of Ghana, under the new Universal Electronic Payments (UEPS) technology which would get word that all commercial banks, rural banks and savings and loans institutions in Ghana implemented a special K payment platform and biometric Smartcard.To make this technology really feasible, the Bank of Ghana BOG (Ghanas central bank) has issued a directive that all banks linked their ATMs & suggest of Sale (POS) terminals to the National Switch, the E-Zwich by March 31, 2008. Banks with existing switches are expected to upgrade them to make them compatible with the National Switch by July 1, 2008 part banks without switches/ATMs / POS terminals are expected to integrate their payment terminals at present into the National Switch or through a E-Zwich compatible switch.GUIDELINES FOR THE OPERATION SOME COMPUTERIZED constitution BY BANK OF GHANA. 1. The Bank of Ghanas responsibility with regard to platforms for machine-driven Teller Machines (ATMs) and Electronic Funds Transfer at tear of Sale Systems (EFTPOS) is to learn an appropriate legal and regulatory environment, competitive grocery store and high standards for cards, ATMs and ATM platforms. The Bank of Ghana (The Bank) shall also ensure that suppliers have the technical and financial capacity to deliver and support their systems. 2.In granting permission for the setting up of a platform and/or its operation, the Bank shall be guided by the need for an orderly development of the payment system. The following conditions shall apply i. The provision of ATM and EFTPOS services shall be limited to banks and consortiums of banks and other corporate bodies ii. The card technology must be ISO 8583 and EMV compliant patch the platform/ATM system should be able to support different card types including smart cards, ATM cards, common credit and debit cards such as VISA, Mastercard, Europay, American Express, Diners Club etc. ii. Platforms must be interoperable with international ATM and EFTPOS networks operated by companies with international reputation. To satisfy this requirement, the break companies must be operating in North America or Europe. iv. Banks applying for a domestic platform must meet the following requirements with regards to the number of banks, ATMs and the networking of a banks branches. (a) More than four banks, minimum of 20 ATMs and 50% of the branches of for each one bank networked. (b) Four banks, minimum of 30 ATMs and 50% of the branches of each bank networked. c) Three banks, minimum of 50 ATMs and 50% of the branches of each bank networked PAYMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PLANS Plans are far progress for the introduction of cheque codeline illumination and truncation system. This system would decentralise the see of cheque MICR code-lines and cheque images at the berth of receipt of the cheques by the banks. The banks go forth then sent the electronic files of the code-lines and the images to BOG for clearing and settlement. This will modify the truncation of cheques at the point of economic deposit and the use of cheque images for mandate verification.It is expected to free resources like labour and reduce costs generally for cheques clearing. overbold regulations and applicable laws would have to be enacted to support the new cheque clearing environment. In addition to the above system, an Automated clearing House (ACH) would be introduced to handle bulk electronic credits and debits and thereby speed up the clearing of funds within the system. The SWIFT software messaging and communication systems will be harnessed to support cheque truncation and the ACH.Furthermore, new policies are being drafted with respect to electronic banking, card-based payments (e- funds and debit card s) and the oversight function responsibilities of the central bank thereof. 2. 4 PROFILES ON ECOBANK Ecobank is an nonparasitic Regional Banking Group in Ghana and other parts of westerly and Central Africa providing wholesale and retail banking services to its customers. Established in 1985, Ecobank has bragging(a) into a network of over four hundred and fifty branches with offices in twenty- two countries including Ghana.The governance structure within the Ecobank group is such that the produce political party acts as a strategic architect with limited troth in operational management and decision making at subsidiaries level. In Ecobank, operational decision making is individualized and maintained at a level as close as possible to required action and customers. 2. 4. 1 Ownership/Branches Ecobanks shares is presently held by more than vi super Cs (6000) private and institutional shareholders throughout Ghana and other parts of world.The companys authorized working capital is U. S $ 1250000000 ordinary shares of 0. 125 each. Ecobank has four hundred and fifty (450) branches with offices in twenty-two (22) countries including Ghana. 2. 4. 2 fixforce Ecobank Ghana Limited has close to a thousand professionals that is made up of management, branch managers, security personnels and other round. In terms of sexual activity diversity, forty (40) percent of its employees are fe manlike and the balance being male employees. 2. 4. 3 Mission StatementEcobank is committed to enforcing management standards and policies in areas of ethics, anti- bullion laundering, conflict of interest and co-operate governance because it believes it enhances it shareholders value. 2. 4. 4 Vision Ecobank hopes to explore the potentials offered by the internet as an efficient distribution and communication channels for delivering the service provided by its network of branches and offices. 2. 4. 5 Customers Ecobank now boast of an estimated thirty thousand clients which include s govern amiable organizations, private organizations and individual accounts holders. . 4. 6 Products and Services ? Current accounts ? nest egg accounts ? Cards ? Deposit accounts ? in-person loans ? Car and motor loan ? business enterprise loan ? Bills for collections ? Transfer and payments ? Western union money transfer ? Call accounts 2. 5 THE CONCEPTION OF COMPUTERS IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM MANAGEMENT finale The whole idea of the use of computer in accounting systems cannot be over emphasized without talking about the fact that it is based chiefly upon managements decisions normally made up of board of chairman, heads of discussion sections and IT Specialist.These large number having seen the need for the uses of computers convince the ply and all and Sundry on the use of computer. This is make having taken factual consideration of its negative effects. The decision taken by management was done as a means of increasing productivity and ascertainment of rapid information at any particular point in time as well. 2. 6Hardware Used At Ecobank 2. 6. 1 processor computers The mainframe computer a high-level computer designed for the most intensive computational tasks.Mainframe computers are often shared by multiple users connected to the computer via terminals. The most powerful mainframes, called supercomputers, perform passing complex and time-consuming computations and are used heavily in two(prenominal) pure and applied research by scientists, large businesses, and the military. 2. 6. 2 micro computers The microcomputer is the common among all computers. It is designed to fit on a desktop. However, it is not as powerful or as libertine as the mainframe computer and has a smaller memory size.These computers were proposed by service of National Cash Registry (NCR) whose main functions is to assemble and supply computers and accessories to Ecobank and other financial institutions in Ghana. The computerization process began 1998 at Ring path Centr al branch with an evaluation of the needs of the service power to the bank on the type of computers that will be needed to ensure quick and efficient service aimed at meeting the company needs, this was only done after the contract between the client company and service bureau had been signed.The bank used these computers upon expert advice accredited from these service providers though sometimes they could also get down out their own specification. 2. 7 SOFTWARES determinationD AT ECOBANK Ecobank borrows its software known as the Grab software form metropolis Bank they later adopted different softwares including, Tally, Aptra gear, Pips and sparrow. distributively of the softwares performs different functions.The more sophisticated ones like Aptra, the Hawk and Sparrow are computer software used by the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), whereas the software Pips deals with micro processing which is engaged in cheques related activities. 2. 7. 1Introduction of flex-cube mechanism The activities of banking at Ecobank for example has been improved further with the introduction of flex-cube mechanism software which has provided all needs or almost all in respect of the banking work in areas such as ? Providing inviolableish reports and feedback Storing large data prima(p) to improved performance and ? Providing central database software where activities were overseeed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. 2. 8 THE GENERAL PERCEPTION ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS The recognition of the general use of computers in Ecobank when critically looked at can categorically be seen from the view point of employees and customers since computers influence their activities. Taking the manufacturing arena for example where over a thousand different jobs were o be undertaken by different employees before a particular process, now with the introduction of computers all these several jobs can be undertaken by the mere press of a button where something starts to build. The com puter has been rendering thousand employees jobless thereby bringing tension and fear within that industry. But for customers of Ecobank it was like a prayer being answered, a long awaited miracle, where all their troubles have just come to an end.They were very pleased with such an innovation as long waiting and cumbersome procedures involved in the depositing and withdrawal as well as other banking and non-banking duties, will have been solved. This except confirms the old wise saying that one mans meat is anothers poison. 2. 8. 1Perception Of workers on the use of Computers at Ecobank The whole idea of the fear of unemployment which was established in the previous topic discussed was no elision from that which was going through the minds of Ecobank supply who were working on manual till the introduction of these computers.In fact, the change over to the use of computers was met with serious unsusceptibility from the staff working at that time for the some old perception that they will be laid off Change, they say, is painful but once adopted goes a long way to really workout for thoroughly whosoever is involved. According to Ecobank staff, about three hundred (300) of the workers at Ecobank were deployed upon an employ undertaken by Ecobank known as the Manpower Labour rationalization create by mental act (MLRP).Here computerization was seen as the main reason for the exercise after which management budgeted for the cost improving and training each and every staff member left behind to have occur knowledge in computer. Those members of staff who were left had to accept the change and were encouraged and educated on the use of computers to relieve them of very feverous activities which the machine could undertake on their behalf to make them relax after a long days work. The computer was finally received amply with employee cooperation such that the ratio of employee to computer is close to one to one and an average of two to one.The employees conf ess that the use of the computer has boosted their confidence and happens to relieve their physical as well as mental demand with respect their job. 2. 9 THE CHANGEOVER TO COMPUTERS-SOME SPECIFIC SYSTEMS/TRANSACTIONS The range from the manual to the computerized accounting systems as pursued by financial institutions has been that of solving problems and creating problems. near of the replace manual systems and everything that goes with them are enumerated below. 2. 9. 1 Account orificeWith the manual system there was the use of the ledger cards which were on its own a feverish thing to use as cards could get missing at any particular point in time, the serious aspect was that when ones card was not seen then it is like there is absolutely no record about that account not even mentioning the balance of that account. But with computerization, there are regular points out of various account and other things, which are stored in the computer in other words, there is the hardcopy a nd the softcopy making tangibility of records available.Also with the use of computers so many accounts can be opened as possible as there is no untold work involved due to the computerization of accounting systems. 2. 9. 2 Counting Of Money Gone were days where the hand was at the mercy of money that needed to be counted, whether large or small. nowadays the introduction of these money-counting machines has replace the counting of money by hand by which the former seen to be faster and hence speeds up work resulting in less queues in banks specially.Other institutions, restitution companies and financial service providers also use it. 2. 9. 3 Withdrawals The manual system resulted in the spending of more hours at banks as a result of long queues to withdraw money especially on paydays of government workers. This however, was very frustrating to the customers. The use of ATM especially to pay workers has reduced drastically this king of inconveniencies hence spark advance to fa st payments of workers.With the use of a card where the name of the holder are programmed and put into the computer, with the help of a specially diskettes, the ATM however helps in giving gold, statements of accounts and instant balance that speeds up the process of payments. Other cards such as credit card, monde card, e-card, visa card, sikatel card all exists to make access to money easier and convenient. 2. 10 CHECKING OF ACCOUNT BALANCE These are advantageously checked by the use of computer irrespective of the branch due to the networking of systems available 2. 10. 1 Balancing Of AccountsThe manual system was that of very hectic work as every account will have to be balanced by an accounting personnel before the day ends which sometimes eats late into the night, but with computerization balancing of accounts are done within minutes as the computer does everything with the correct accounting parcel of land in place. This is known as the self-balancing of accounts where no one really is involved. Journals are opened or written, profit and detriment accounts are prepared by the machine. This invariably reduces the number of people working at the financial institution. 2. 11 INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONThis is normally done with certain requirements in place. The bank should have an affiliated bank in the country of transaction. Every link should have been cleared and terms understood by the bank being affiliated to. With computerization there is the use of the swift system, which takes place on remittance Ecobank for example has an affiliated bank called the City Bank which deals with such transactions outside Ghana. This has seriously reduced the mailing system which was the means of the manual system where the post was used which could take months to complete a very simple transaction.Hard copies will have to be received through the mail, which sought to confirm that the transaction has taken place. In the course and zeal to computerized the following advantage and disadvantages were brought to light. 2. 11. 1 Advantages ? Increase in profitability ? Improved workout put 2. 11. 2 Disadvantages ? Power failure causes anesthetize to staff and customers. ? Redundancy due to computerization, Ecobank undertook one, which known as the labours rationalization programme. ? computerization cannot be practiced everywhere or places where there is no electricity.Some of the branches that are not yet computerized. 2. 12 THE GLOBAL PHENOMENON-NEW DEVELOPMENTS With the current terminate to information technology in the part of the globe, there is a high intensity in the use of computer where they are seen to do much of the work to be carried out. Much however needs to be craved as financial sections like auditing among others are still more inference with the use of books and receipts which are required on hard copies for auditing endeavors, this however makes total dependency on computer not very whole.In existence is the Computer Assis ted Audit Technique (CAAT), which uses the computer as the main tool in the process of auditing, this technique given time will drastically minimize the use of hard copies such as foolscap sheets, and books etc. With the existence of the ATM card, e-card, e switch, master card, credit card, monde card and other mechanisms that limit the handling of physical gold, The other mechanism that limit the handling of physical cash the world is poised to enter into a realm where one will be able to undertake a 24hr banking transaction such as cheque withdrawals, international transaction processing of draft etc. ther financial services can also have the sale of shares bonds done on a 24hr basis. Closing periods of the foreseeable future will gradually be extended to a time that will make financial institutions to undertake multiple shifts such as day shifts and night shifts. These only will be made possible with the use of computers that will be ready to run on a 24hr service to its custome rs. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the research techniques and methods employed in collecting data for the area of study. . 1RESEARCH DESIGN The type of research conducted is exploratory. This is where research is conducted into a research problem or issues were there are very few or no earlier studies to which we can refer for information. The aim of this type of study is to look for patterns, ideas or hypotheses. 3. 2POPULATION OF THE STUDY In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of this research work, the following functional areas were identified. ? Management ? Finance(Accounts Section) ? selective information Technology(I.T. ) department both staff of the above mentioned areas in Ecobank formed the population of the study. 3. 3SAMPLE SIZE AND have PROCEDURE The researcher used simple random sample technique to select twenty (20) responsives. Nine (9) members of staff were selected from the Account section, two (2) from the IT department and fiveso me (3) from the management team. Those chosen were people the researcher believes could provide the right and needed data for the study. 3. 4DATA COLLECTION METHODDue to the nature of the study, questionnaires were administered to the management and staff of Ecobank Kumasi branch as well as interview. Observation was also used by the researcher in collecting data. The following are the details of the methods used 3. 4. 1Questionnaires The basic means of collecting data for the study was through questionnaires. Twenty (20) copies of well structured questionnaires were distributed to the target population. Each respondent was given a copy. The respondents were given one week to answer the questions after which they were collected.Questionnaires were made in such a way that it was so easy to understand by the respondents. 3. 4. 2 Observations and Enquiry The researcher observed that the answers provided by some of the respondents revealed additional information which was not provided in the questionnaires. The distribution of questionnaires directly to respondents also offered the researcher the opportunity to talk to some of the respondents and to elicit relevant information. 3. 4. 3Interview The one- to one method, also known as the face-to face type was used.This was concluded with the finance managers, to accounting personnels as well as the IT Managers of Ecobank who in one way or the other makes use of computers in their field of work. The interview was undertaken using a semi structured form of questions concerning the whole idea of the impact of computerization of accounting systems on the operations of Ecobank. The use of the interview approach especially allowed for maximum flexibility and paved the way for the interviewee to really reflect the use of computers in accounting systems.The method yielded greater responses and brought out higher quality information that would not have come to light. On the other hand information coming from staffs reveal s that Ecobank put down about three hundred deployment rate of its personnel as a result of computerization. 3. 4. 4 Secondary Data These were collect from Ecobanks annual Report, previous research works as well as library materials. 3. 5 DATA ANALYSIS The data collected were analyzed using the descriptive statistics approach. The answers to the questions were sorted out tabulated and analyzed using percentages.The data analysis in chapter four reflects the fourteen (14) questionnaires out of the twenty questionnaires (20) administered to the Ecobank Adum Branch Kumasi as well as interviews and observations made by the researcher. CHAPTER FOUR Data psychoanalysis and Result In this chapter, data collected through the administration of questionnaires at Ecobank has been analyzed into tables of absolute figures and corresponding percentages. Twenty (20) questionnaires, each containing thirteen (13) questions were administered. Fourteen (14) were completed and returned giving a r esponse rate of 70%. dishearten 1 Rate of Response Subject Group Number of respondents division (%) Management 3 21. 4% Information Technology 2 14. 3% Account staff 9 64. % Total 14 degree centigrade% character reference Field aspect data May 2009 Chart 1 pic From the table and the chart above, three (3) were received from management personnel, representing 21. 4%, two (2) from the Information Technology Department representing 14. 3% and remaining fifteen (9) were recovered from the Account section representing 64. 3%. This was enough for the research study. hold over 2 cybernation of accounting system. Response Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 14 14 No - - Total 14 100 Source Field survey data May 2009 From table 2, fourteen (14) representing 100% give tongue to that they have fully computerized the Accounting system. Concerning what prompted the project, answers received from respondents were to enable them satisfy their customers with their services. With resp ect to the major problems encountered in the computerization of accounting system, the response is shown in table 2 confuse 3 Problems encountered on computerization of accounting systems. Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) High cost of Training 7 50 Lack of association 4 28. 6 Delay in production 3 21. Total 14 100 Source Field survey data May 2009 Chart 2 pic send back 3 and chart 2 depicts that seven (7) of the respondents representing 50% were of the view that the cost involved in the training of staff to meet the new technology is high. Four (4) of the respondents representing 28. 6% also claimed that the staff lacked gravel in the use of computer technology.The final, which is delay in production which represents 21. 4% were also of the view that production after the computerization process delays. Table 4 workload after computerization Responses Respondents Percentages (%) Increase 2 14. 3 Decrease 9 64. Normal 3 21. 4 Total 14 100 Source Fie ld survey data May 2009. Chart 3 pic From table 4 and chart 3, two (2) of the respondents, which represent 14. % stated that the workload after computerization process in the bank has reduced as a result of computerization. Nine (9) of the respondents representing 64. 3% were of the view that the work load of the bank has decreased. The final groups of people were also of the view that the workload after computerization is normal that is there is either increase or decrease in the workload after the introduction of computers. With respect to special accounting package in use, the responses are shown in table 5. Table 5 Accounting package Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Yes 14 100 No Total 14 100% Source Field survey data May 2009 From table 4 all the fourteen (14) respondents stated that there is a special accounting package in use and gave the name as contort Cube. It was stated that it helps in storing data and providing acceptable report. Lastly with respect to what staffs like about the manual system that the computerized accounting system could not provide, the respondents gave the view that the manual system has no capital cost involved in processing data and that the cost of living is low as compared to the computerized system.The researcher asked whether there would be a total computerized accounting system in other branches in the country. The response is shown in table 4. 6 Table 6 Total computerized accounting system Respondents Respondents Percentage (%) Yes 10 71. 4 No 4 28. Total 14 100(%) Source Field survey data May 2009 Chart 3 pic From table 5, ten (10) of the respondents which represents 71. 4%, stated that there will be a total computerized accounting system in the contiguous five to ten years to come. Four (4) out of the fourteen respondents representing 28. % stated that there can not be a fully computerized accounting system in other branches because of lack of fair to middling power supply in the country. THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION ON ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS From the interview conducted with the management of Ecobank, these were the responses gathered concerning the impact of computerization on accounting systems Management were of the view that , the whole concept of the use of computers has been that of great delight for both benefactors and end users therefore customers and staff of the financial institution involved respectively.Though initially for staff it was met with great resistance as it was seen to cause unemployment generally, but this has finally been recognized as working tool of which they have expressed their satisfaction in its works or activities so far. It was also revealed that customers received the new move with all joy, as they believed that less time was to be spent in the banking activities. It was made known that the use of computers received both approval and criticism.In much the same way, one can truly say that now the impact of computerization i s seriously being felt in the banking activities such as fast service delivery, up to date and accurate database leading to quality results. The impact can also be looked at from the area of the transactions being undertaken by each company, the time taken to complete a transaction, the quality of account and report presentation, meeting needs of customers. Though the supreme impact has been looked at, there is the need to also look at the negative aspect of computerization.Management made known the negative aspect through the interview conducted that, the cost element involved in maintaining the computers, delays by servers leading to a halt in the banking activities, training of personnel is also costly, modern softwares and the purchase of standby generators cannot be overlooked. improve THE POSITIVE EFFECTS An interview conducted with the Information Technology manager of Ecobank, Adum branch revealed that, it is important for anything that produces good reports and results to be improved upon to ensure further furtherance of its effects on anything in general.Some of the ways of improving the positive effects of the computerization were made available as have been enumerated below. depression of all, the introduction of new technology to build upon the existing ones is an area which must be brought in to reduce the negative effects of computerization. On the side of customers, the financial institution will have to make delivery swifter with more and more innovations being put into place for example where the ATM will be placed at vantage points in and out of the city, modes of withdrawals such as the mondex card, e-card and e-zwich.Any other form of credit card or master card should also be encouraged among clients, such that there should come a time where one can check his account even from the house on any normal phone. New technology will however mean that obsolete softwares being used is to be exchanged with newly advanced ones to bring out the r eal effects of computerization. Additional codes will have to be identified to ensure areas of extension of the computerization process.Further more, once computerization is helpful, the institution is seeking to spread its use within the financial institution, where each of the branches would be connected through a more recallable networking system. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND pass SUMMARY The computerization of accounting system has really come to persist for which further developments are expected in some few years time such the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) van. Manual accounting systems has not been eliminated completely but reliance and dependency on them has been reduced drastically due to the emergence of computerized accounting systems.While many financial institutions responded quickly to the use of computers in accounting systems, others still face difficulties in adopting computerized systems of accounting. Most organizations have resorted to the use of comp uters in their accounting systems because of the inherent accuracy and processing speed of this automated accounting system. . There is generally a calm atmosphere in financial institutions since the whole idea of computerization has now been accepted and is seen as causing higher returns for the Staff and management of Ecobank.The computerization system has brought about an ease on the hectic and wordy work formerly done manually by financial institutions. root work has considerably declined but not completely wiped out for the rice beer of auditing purpose and other reasons. The computerization of accounting system is setting the charge per unit for other non-financial institutions to even see the need to computerize their accounting system in their financial departments, thereby taking a global turn.The activities of certain viruses such as car are not felt much as they are all dealt with by the manufactures whereas others cannot be easily sight on time hence disrupting activ ities. Backup systems are therefore unplowed by these financial institutions to help mitigate future problems that are possible to emerge incase computers are infected with viruses and all important documents adulterate or crashed. Ecobank has been able to build up a backup system at Accra which stores all of its information which is retrievable upon any loss of data from any computerized branch.Upon misplacing ones ATM card the only way out is to re-apply for a card at a cost, which will be aerated to the account of the customer. That not much information exists with respect to the computerization of accounting system in general let alone on financial institutions. Not much problems are being faced in the use of computers for accounting work as such allowing work to go on smoothly despite certain hitches here and there. In other to satisfy customers of Ecobank, 100% of the respondent states that Ecobank branch at Adum has computerized its systems fully. 71. % stated that there wi ll be a total computerization of their accounting systems in the next five to ten years. This can be possible if there is adequate power supply in the country. 64. 3% stated that workload in the bank has decreased as a result of computerization. 100% also that Ecobank has a special accounting package in use called Flex Cube. This helps in storing data and provides good report. On problems encountered on computerization of accounting systems 50% of the respondents stated that cost of training of personnel or staff was high as compared to the manual system, whereas 28. % stated that staff also lacks control and the rest stated that there is a delay in production. It is also emphasized that the cost of maintenance is high as compared to the manual system of operation. Finally the impact of the computerization of accounting system is seen more on its benefits that are yielding fastest information leading to quick decision making than on its negative effects which is basically the cost of scholarship of the machines and deployments of staff among others. From the research findings, CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the main forms of hardware being used by Ecobank in their operations.These include the mainframe and the micro computers. On the other hand, some of the software also used by Ecobank includes the Tally, the Aptra the Hawk and the Pips. The more sophisticated ones which include the Aptra, the Hawk and the Sparrow are computer software used by the Automated Teller Machine (ATM). A wipe up on the other hand is a software that deals with the micro processing of cheque related activities. Upon the research conducted, it came to light that, the whole concept of computers has been of great delight for both benefactors and end users being customers and staff of the financial institution involved respectively.The introduction of computerized accounting systems on the operation of Ecobank has enhance fast service delivery, up to date and accurate database leading to quality results hence satisfying their customers. Computers are used in financial institutions in general day to day gaining recognition with respect to what it is able to do and what problems it is able to solve. The issue has caused the whole financial sector to aim at the eventual(prenominal) i. e. the use of computers in its activities. But an organization must now face the practical problem of streamlining and speeding up the asic accounting system so that the accounting department can keep pace with the rapid flow of transaction in the modern businesses. Even though there are problems to be addressed, the computerized accounting system is cherished by all users in the accounts department of these financial institutions who would like to cling to the computers than to go back to those hectic days of the big books of the manual system. Though it caused some level of aggravation such as causing about 35% deployment at Ecobank on the whole it has been a profitable venture .Th e impact of the computerization of accounting systems on the operations of Ecobank is a never-ending story due to frequent technological developments that keep occurring within short periods of time. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Upon the interview conducted and responses from questionnaires received, I would indispensability to make the following recommendation for serious consideration 2. Technology should be more advanced in solving the problems in situations where customers will have to re-apply for the ATM card due to missing pin number or forgetting it. . Staff computer skills should be upgraded frequently as new development on technology keep on springing up to be able to meet current trends in the market. 4. There should be the formation of committals on the I. T sections of these financial institution that will monitor the market in the areas of new innovations that are bound to arise in the future coming up in the financial industry for them to study it and see how best they can a dopt and implement it in the heat of competitions existing in the market. 5.ATM machine should be placed at strategic points within selected areas which will enhance its influence in the work of financial institutions . in doing so constant repairs and in filling the machine sufficiently with physical cash should be done frequently to ensure smooth operations. 6. Scholars, authors, and others should be encouraged in the writing of books, magazines and newsletters on the introduction of computers or automation in financial institutions as almost all the information technology in general as such does not really relate to the topic in discussion. 7.That situations where the server goes down should not be left unattended to but that all efforts should be marshaled to ensure that it is very minimal to really experience the true impact of the computerization of accounting system in financial institutions. 8. The public relations departments of all financial institutions should make known to the public by way of advertising and other sources to really bring out the easiness in using these products, such as the use of the ATM card for savings accounts, cash withdrawals and checking of balance, e-card and monde card for shopping in designated supermarkets throughout the country. . Manufactures should rectify software which is wrong in order to ensure continual flow of work output. This however will be made possible when warranties have given, concerning the software among other things 10. There should be routine procedures and schedules for maintenance and repairs of broken down machine to ensure that all the times they will be in good condition to deliver in terms of meeting customers needs especially in the area of the ATM. DEFINITION OF TERMS ACCOUNTING SYSTEM The system that provides the information for us in conducting the affairs of the business.CODE HOLE It referred to as a computing programming term that makes accounting packages easily recognized in the area s where an extension on the software is. COMPUTERIZATION The process of renewal computers with the manual system hence uses electric means to achieve a stated object or work. COMPUTER Is a general purpose and automatic electric information processing machine. COST ACCOUNTING Is a conscious and rational procedure by accounts for accumulating cost (however defined) and relating such cost to specific products or departments for effective management action.FINANCIAL INSTITUTION debut that carry out its activities in the form of financial nature. For a examples banks, insurance and financial service providers. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING The branch of accounting that is interested with the recording of transactions using generally accepted accounting principles for a business enterprise other economic unit and with a semiweekly preparation of various statement. MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING The branch of accounting that uses both historical and estimated data in providing information which managemen t uses in conducting periodic operations and in planning future operations A-6.PRODUCTIVITY Is the rate at which a company makes goods which is usually judged in connection with the number of people and the amount of materials necessary to produce the good. SERVICE BUREAU Is an organization that undertakes to install computers and computerize accounting for financial institutions. I. T. Information technology. NCR National cash registry A company that deals mostly in the computerization of institution such as bank, ministries, school etc. ATM Automated teller machine. CAAT Computer Assisted Audit Technique, where the computer is used as a tool in the process of undertaking an audit work.LAN topical anaesthetic area networking WAN Wider area network MLRP Manpower Labour Rationalization Programme EDP Electronic Data Processing PC Personal Computer E Card Electronic Card APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRES FOR provide AND MANAGEMENT OF ECOBANK TOPIC THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE OPERATION OF ECOBANK. The purpose of this study is to enable the researcher gather information on the attitude, perception and practice on the computerization of accounting of software in your institution.It is purely academic work therefore all information provided would be treated as such and confidentially. Where answers are provided please tick as appropriate and where answers were not provided please kindly supply the information. 1. go for you fully computerized your accounting system? Yes No If yes, what prompted the project? Reduce Workload Increase Productivity Customer Satisfaction Others Specify 2. Have the stallion problem in the financial institution been solved? Fully partly Not 3. How long have your accounting system been computerized? less than 5 years 6 10 years 11 20 years Others specify .. 4. What major problem did you encounter in the computerization of your accounting system? High cost of training staff Lack of expe rience Delay in production Others 5. What steps did you take or have been taken to salvage the situation? . . Was there any staff deployment due to the computerization? Yes No If yes, what effect did it have on the institution? Work overload over taxation Others .. 7. What is the ratio of staff to computer since the introduction of computerization? 1 1 2 1 3 1 Others 8. Is there any special accounting package in use? Yes No Which software.. 9. What is the effect f computerized accounting system on your productivity? High return Break even Low return 10. What do you like about the manual system that computerized accounting system could not provide?. 11. Are you facing any problems in the use of computers for accounting purpose? Yes No If yes, in what areas Obsolescence Difficulty in retrieving information Others.. 2. Can there ever be a totally computerized accounting system in other branches in the country? Yes No If yes, how long 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years Others. 13. How do you see the workload after computerization? Increase Decrease Normal Interview questions for the management of Ecobank 1. What is the indite of Ecobank Ghana Limited 2. What is the history behind the computerization of accounting systems in Ecobank 3.Does Ecobank have a fully computerized accounting system? 4. What prompted the introduction of computerized accounting system? 5. What was some of the problems they encounter? 6. What was the attitude of their worker BIBLIOGRAPHY Nsouli, (2002), challenges of the E banking revolution. Sangster, (2002), business accounting Sangster (1992) strategies for Business Decisions 2nd edition Koerber k. (1992), accounting systems Hilton (1994) cost management accounting 2nd edition Bagronoff (1996) Decision support tools for choosing accounting software Ecobank Annual Report